Analog Engineer Interview Questions and Answers for Freshers

Updated 2 Nov 2024

Q1. Arrange 4 balls in space such that they are equidistant from each other

Ans.

Arrange 4 balls equidistant from each other in space.

Place 3 balls in a triangle formation on the same plane
Place the 4th ball directly above the center of the triangle
Ensure that the distance between each ball is equal
Alternatively, place the 4 balls at the vertices of a tetrahedron

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Q2. Resistances R, 5R, 9R, 13R... are placed in series. What is the cumulative resistance

Ans.

Resistances in series: R, 5R, 9R, 13R... What is the cumulative resistance?

Add all resistances to get the cumulative resistance
Cumulative resistance = R + 5R + 9R + 13R + ...
The formula for the nth term is Tn = R + (n-1)4R
The sum of n terms is Sn = n/2(2R + (n-1)4R)

Q3. How can you swap the values of 2 variables without using a 3rd temporary variable. FOLLOW UP: how can this be generalized for cyclic rotations of 3,4... N variables

Ans.

To swap the values of 2 variables without a temporary variable, use bitwise XOR operation.

Use bitwise XOR operation to swap the values of two variables without a temporary variable
For example, if a = 5 and b = 7, after swapping, a = 2 and b = 5
To generalize for cyclic rotations of N variables, use a loop and bitwise XOR operation

Q4. What is the rough output of a black box that kills lie frequencies, taking a rectangular pulse as input

Ans.

The rough output of the black box is a rectangular pulse with the lie frequencies removed.

The black box filters out lie frequencies from the input rectangular pulse.
The output is a rectangular pulse with only the truthful frequencies remaining.
The exact shape and characteristics of the output pulse depend on the specific design of the black box.

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Q5. How can a 2:1 multiplexer be used as an AND gate

Ans.

A 2:1 multiplexer can be used as an AND gate by connecting one input to logic 1 and the other input to the desired input signal.

Connect one input of the 2:1 multiplexer to logic 1 (high voltage) and the other input to the desired input signal.
Set the select input of the multiplexer to logic 0 (low voltage) to select the input connected to logic 1.
The output of the multiplexer will then be the logical AND of the selected input and the desired input signal.

Q6. Draw a functional block diagram of a transducer

Ans.

A transducer is a device that converts one form of energy into another. It typically consists of a sensor, signal conditioning circuitry, and an output interface.

A transducer converts one form of energy into another.
It consists of a sensor that detects the input energy.
Signal conditioning circuitry processes and amplifies the sensor signal.
The output interface converts the processed signal into a usable form.
Examples of transducers include microphones, thermocouples, and pres...read more

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Q7. CMOS inverter characteristics

Ans.

CMOS inverter is a fundamental building block in digital integrated circuits, with characteristics like high input impedance, low output impedance, and high gain.

CMOS inverter consists of a PMOS and NMOS transistor connected in series.
It has high input impedance due to the PMOS transistor and low output impedance due to the NMOS transistor.
The voltage transfer characteristic of a CMOS inverter is typically nonlinear.
It has high gain and can be used for logic inversion in digi...read more