100+ Samskruti College of Engineering and Technology Interview Questions and Answers

Identify the duplicate integer in an array containing numbers between 1 and N-1.

• Iterate through the array and keep track of the frequency of each element using a hashmap.

• Return the element with a frequency greater than 1 as the duplicate integer.

• Time complexity can be optimized to O(N) using Floyd's Tortoise and Hare algorithm.

• Example: For input [1, 2, 3, 4, 4], the output should be 4.

Sort the individual digits of a 10 digit number.

• Convert the number to a string to access individual digits

• Use a sorting algorithm to sort the digits

• Convert the sorted digits back to a number

Demonstrate multilevel inheritance with classes GrandFather, Father, and Son with specific attributes and methods.

• Create a class GrandFather with a parameterized constructor and attribute grandFatherName.

• Create a class Father inheriting from GrandFather with an additional attribute fatherName.

• Create a class Son inheriting from Father with an additional attribute sonName and a method printName to display all names in a specific format.

• Ensure constructors initialize attributes ...read more

Reverse a singly linked list of integers and return the head of the reversed linked list.

• Iterate through the linked list and reverse the pointers to point to the previous node.

• Keep track of the current, previous, and next nodes while reversing the linked list.

• Update the head of the reversed linked list as the last node encountered during reversal.

Given start and end times of intervals, determine if any two intervals overlap.

• Iterate through intervals and check if any two intervals overlap by comparing their start and end times

• Sort intervals based on start times for efficient comparison

• Consider edge cases where intervals end and start at the same time

BFS traversal in a disconnected graph starting from vertex 0.

• Implement BFS algorithm to traverse the graph starting from vertex 0.

• Explore neighbor nodes first before moving to the next level neighbors.

• Consider the bidirectional nature of edges in an undirected graph.

• Output the BFS traversal sequence for each test case in a separate line.

Given a string STR and a non-empty string PTR, find all starting indices of anagrams of PTR within STR.

• Create a frequency map of characters in PTR.

• Use sliding window technique to check anagrams in STR.

• Return the starting indices of anagrams found.

Find the Lowest Common Ancestor (LCA) of two nodes in a binary tree.

• Traverse the binary tree to find the paths from the root to nodes X and Y.

• Compare the paths to find the last common node, which is the LCA.

• Handle cases where one node is an ancestor of the other.

• Consider edge cases like when X or Y is the root node.

• Implement a recursive or iterative solution to find the LCA efficiently.

The task is to rearrange a given permutation of 'N' integers to form the lexicographically next greater permutation.

• Iterate from right to left to find the first element that is smaller than the element to its right.

• Swap this element with the smallest element to its right that is greater than it.

• Reverse the elements to the right of the swapped element to get the lexicographically next greater permutation.

Find the maximum elements for each subarray of size 'K' in an array of non-negative integers.

• Iterate through the array and maintain a deque to store the indices of elements in decreasing order.

• Pop elements from the deque if they are out of the current window of size 'K'.

• The front of the deque will always have the index of the maximum element in the current window.

Reverse a given string containing alphabets, numbers, and special characters.

• Iterate through the string from the end to the beginning and append each character to a new string.

• Use built-in functions like reverse() or StringBuilder in languages like Python or Java for efficient reversal.

• Handle special characters and numbers while reversing the string.

• Ensure to consider the constraints provided in the problem statement.

• Test your solution with different test cases to validate th...read more

When faced with an unsolvable problem, I break it down, research, seek help, experiment, and iterate until a solution is found.

• Break down the problem into smaller, manageable parts

• Research and gather information related to the problem

• Seek help from colleagues, online communities, or experts

• Experiment with different approaches or solutions

• Iterate and refine the solution based on feedback and results

Maximize the number of vaccines administered on a specific day while adhering to certain rules.

• Given n days, maxVaccines available, and a specific dayNumber, distribute vaccines to maximize on dayNumber

• Administer positive number of vaccines each day with a difference of 1 between consecutive days

• Ensure sum of vaccines distributed does not exceed maxVaccines

• Output the maximum number of vaccines administered on dayNumber for each test case

The task is to output the right view of a binary tree, which includes the nodes visible when observed from the right.

• Traverse the tree level by level and keep track of the rightmost node at each level.

• Use a queue for level order traversal and a map to store the rightmost nodes.

• Print the values of the rightmost nodes stored in the map as the right view of the tree.

The task is to implement a function that returns the level order traversal of a binary tree given in level order.

• Create a queue to store nodes for level order traversal

• Start with the root node and enqueue it

• While the queue is not empty, dequeue a node, print its value, and enqueue its children

• Repeat until all nodes are traversed

Find sum of all subsets in non-decreasing order of given array.

• Use recursion to generate all subsets of the array

• Calculate sum of each subset and store in a list

• Sort the list in non-decreasing order to get the final result

Find the length of the longest strictly increasing subsequence of heights of students in a row.

• Iterate through the heights array and for each element, find the length of the longest increasing subsequence ending at that element.

• Use dynamic programming to keep track of the longest increasing subsequence length for each element.

• Return the maximum length found as the result.

Implement Merge Sort algorithm to sort a sequence of numbers in non-descending order.

• Divide the input array into two halves recursively until each array has only one element.

• Merge the sorted halves to produce a completely sorted array.

• Time complexity of Merge Sort is O(n log n).

• Example: Input: [3, 1, 4, 1, 5], Output: [1, 1, 3, 4, 5]

Boundary traversal of a binary tree to find left boundary, right boundary, and leaf nodes in an anti-clockwise direction.

• Perform a pre-order traversal to get the left boundary nodes

• Perform an in-order traversal to get the leaf nodes

• Perform a post-order traversal to get the right boundary nodes

• Combine the results to get the boundary nodes in anti-clockwise direction

Return the middle node of a singly linked list, considering odd and even number of elements.

• Traverse the linked list with two pointers, one moving twice as fast as the other

• When the fast pointer reaches the end, the slow pointer will be at the middle

• Return the node pointed to by the slow pointer as the middle node

Arrange a string in zig-zag pattern with given number of rows and concatenate the rows.

• Iterate through the string and distribute characters to rows based on zig-zag pattern

• Concatenate the characters in each row to get the final result

• Handle edge cases like when number of rows is 1 or equal to the length of the string

A DBMS for managing college faculty, professors, courses, and students.

• The DBMS should have tables for faculty, professors, courses, and students.

• Each table should have appropriate attributes to store relevant information.

• Relationships can be established between tables using foreign keys.

• Queries can be used to retrieve information about faculty, professors, courses, and students.

• The DBMS can be used to track enrollment, grades, and other relevant data.

Find the length of the longest substring without repeating characters in a given string.

• Use a sliding window approach to keep track of the longest substring without repeating characters.

• Use a hashmap to store the index of each character as it appears in the string.

• Update the start index of the window when a repeating character is found.

• Calculate the maximum length of the substring as the window slides through the string.

The Floyd Warshall algorithm is used to find the shortest paths between all pairs of vertices in a graph, including graphs with negative edge weights.

• The algorithm works by considering all pairs of vertices and all intermediate vertices to find the shortest path.

• It can handle graphs with negative edge weights, but not negative weight cycles.

• The time complexity of the algorithm is O(N^3), where N is the number of vertices.

• Example: Given a graph with 4 vertices and 5 edges, fin...read more

Calculate the Nth Fibonacci number efficiently using recursion or dynamic programming.

• Implement a recursive function to calculate the Nth Fibonacci number.

• Use memoization to store previously calculated Fibonacci numbers for efficiency.

• Consider using dynamic programming to optimize the solution.

• Handle edge cases such as N = 1 or N = 2 separately.

• Ensure the solution works efficiently for large values of N (up to 10000).

Find the length of the longest substring with unique characters in a given string.

• Use a sliding window approach to keep track of the longest substring without repeating characters.

• Use a hashmap to store the index of each character in the string.

• Update the start index of the window when a repeating character is encountered.

• Calculate the maximum length of the window as you iterate through the string.

Print a binary pattern based on input integer N in a specific format.

• Iterate from 1 to N and print N - i + 1 numbers alternatively as 1 or 0 in each line

• Follow the pattern of increasing 1s and decreasing 0s in each line

• Handle the number of test cases and constraints as specified

Identify all prime numbers less than or equal to a given positive integer N.

• Iterate from 2 to N and check if each number is prime

• Use the Sieve of Eratosthenes algorithm for efficient prime number identification

• Optimize by only checking up to the square root of N for divisors

Two people with torch cross, one returns, two faster people cross, one with torch returns, two slower people cross.

• Two slower people cross first (A and B), A returns with torch (1 minute)

• Two faster people cross (C and D), B returns with torch (2 minutes)

• Two slower people cross last (A and B) (10 minutes)

Return all possible permutations of a given input string.

• Use recursion to generate all possible permutations of the input string.

• Swap characters at different positions to generate permutations.

• Handle duplicate characters in the input string by using a set to store unique permutations.

Calculate and print the factorial of a given integer 'N'.

• Iterate from 1 to N and multiply each number to calculate factorial

• Handle edge cases like N=0 or N=1 separately

• Use recursion to calculate factorial efficiently

The code for finding the Lowest Common Ancestor (LCA) in a Binary Search Tree (BST).

• Start from the root node and compare it with the given two nodes.

• If both nodes are smaller than the current node, move to the left subtree.

• If both nodes are greater than the current node, move to the right subtree.

• If one node is smaller and the other is greater, then the current node is the LCA.

• Continue this process until the LCA is found.

Turn on one switch for a while, then turn it off and turn on another switch. One bulb will be on, one will be off, and one will be warm.

• Turn on switch 1 for a few minutes, then turn it off.

• Turn on switch 2 and enter the room with bulbs.

• The bulb that is on corresponds to switch 2, the warm bulb corresponds to switch 1, and the off bulb corresponds to switch 3.

Bubble Sort algorithm is used to sort an array of non-negative integers in non-decreasing order.

• Iterate through the array and compare adjacent elements, swapping them if they are in the wrong order.

• Repeat this process until the array is sorted.

• Time complexity of Bubble Sort is O(n^2) in worst case.

• Space complexity of Bubble Sort is O(1) as it is an in-place sorting algorithm.

Design a parking lot with Logic Flow Diagram, E-R diagram, DB tables with relations, and commands for transactions.

• Identify the types of vehicles that will use the parking lot

• Determine the number of parking spaces needed for each vehicle type

• Create a flow diagram to show the process of entering and exiting the parking lot

• Design an E-R diagram to show the relationships between entities such as vehicles, parking spaces, and transactions

• Normalize the DB tables to reduce redundan...read more

Sort an array by moving all zeroes to the end.

• Iterate through the array and move all non-zero elements to the front.

• Count the number of zeroes encountered and append them at the end of the array.

• Use two pointers to swap elements and maintain the order.

The minimum number of attempts needed is 14.

• Start dropping the first egg from the 14th floor, then move up by one floor for each attempt until the first egg breaks.

• Once the first egg breaks, use the second egg to test each floor starting from the last unbroken floor.

• The worst-case scenario is dropping the first egg 14 times and the second egg 13 times, totaling 14 attempts.

Recursively remove consecutive duplicate characters from a string.

• Use recursion to check if the current character is the same as the next character, if so skip the next character

• Base case: if the string is empty or has only one character, return the string

• Example: Input: 'aaabcc', Output: 'abc'

WAP to generate a matrix from a given tree.

• Create a 2D array to store the matrix

• Traverse the tree and fill the matrix accordingly

• Use BFS or DFS to traverse the tree

• The matrix will be symmetric along the diagonal

Function to check if a checkbox is checked in JavaScript

• Use the 'checked' property of the checkbox element

• Access the checkbox element using its ID or class name

• Return true if checked, false if not checked

ACID properties are a set of properties that guarantee the reliability of transactions in database management systems.

• Atomicity ensures that either all operations in a transaction are completed successfully or none of them are. For example, transferring money from one account to another should either be completed in full or not at all.

• Consistency ensures that the database remains in a consistent state before and after the transaction. For example, if a transaction violates a ...read more

Make one horizontal cut through the middle of the cake, then make two vertical cuts perpendicular to each other.

• Make a horizontal cut through the middle of the cake to create two equal halves.

• Make one vertical cut through the center of one of the halves.

• Make another vertical cut through the center of the other half, perpendicular to the first cut.

• You will end up with 8 equal pieces of cake.

Yes, I can design an ER diagram for an online shopping portal.

• Entities: User, Product, Order, Payment, Cart

• Relationships: User places Order, Order contains Product, Payment for Order, User has Cart

• Attributes: User (id, name, email), Product (id, name, price), Order (id, date), Payment (id, amount)

malloc() is used to dynamically allocate memory in C, while free() is used to release allocated memory.

• malloc() allocates a block of memory of specified size and returns a pointer to the beginning of the block.

• free() deallocates the memory previously allocated by malloc() or calloc().

• Example: int *ptr = (int*)malloc(5 * sizeof(int)); // Allocates memory for 5 integers

• Example: free(ptr); // Deallocates the memory allocated for the integers

Primary key uniquely identifies each record in a table, while unique key ensures that all values in a column are distinct.

• Primary key does not allow NULL values, while unique key allows one NULL value.

• A table can have only one primary key, but multiple unique keys.

• Primary key is automatically indexed, while unique key may or may not be indexed.

• Example: In a table of students, student ID can be a primary key as it uniquely identifies each student, while email address can be a ...read more

Java is platform-independent and uses automatic memory management, while C++ is faster and allows for more control over memory.

• Java is compiled to bytecode and runs on a virtual machine, while C++ is compiled to machine code.

• Java has automatic memory management through garbage collection, while C++ requires manual memory management.

• Java has a simpler syntax and is easier to learn, while C++ has more complex syntax and is more difficult to master.

• Java is used for web developme...read more

List is preferred when frequent insertion and deletion is required. Vector is preferred when random access is required.

• List is implemented as a doubly-linked list, allowing for efficient insertion and deletion at any position.

• Vector is implemented as a dynamic array, allowing for efficient random access.

• Use List when the number of elements is expected to change frequently and the order of elements matters less.

• Use Vector when the number of elements is fixed or changes infrequ...read more

Polymorphism can be achieved through method overloading, method overriding, and interfaces. Multiple inheritance can be solved using interfaces.

• Method overloading allows multiple methods with the same name but different parameters

• Method overriding allows a subclass to provide its own implementation of a method already defined in its superclass

• Interfaces provide a way to achieve multiple inheritance by allowing a class to implement multiple interfaces

• Diamond problem in multipl...read more

Polymorphism is the ability of an object to take on many forms. It allows objects of different classes to be treated as the same type.

• Polymorphism allows a single interface to be used for different types of objects.

• It enables code reusability and flexibility in object-oriented programming.

• For example, a parent class 'Animal' can have multiple child classes like 'Dog', 'Cat', and 'Bird'. They can all be treated as 'Animal' objects.

• Each child class can have its own implementati...read more

Query to find player with maximum runs in a match on given date and venue

• Use MAX() function to find maximum runs

• Join tables for player name, match details and runs scored

• Filter by given date and venue

• Order by runs scored and limit to 1 result

Polymorphism refers to the ability of an object to take on many forms. The diamond problem occurs in multiple inheritance.

• Polymorphism can be achieved through method overloading and method overriding.

• Method overloading allows multiple methods with the same name but different parameters.

• Method overriding occurs when a subclass provides a specific implementation of a method already defined in its superclass.

• The diamond problem arises in languages that support multiple inheritan...read more

Operator overloading in OOP allows custom behavior for operators like +, -, *, etc.

• Operator overloading is a feature in OOP that allows defining custom behavior for operators

• Example: Overloading the + operator to concatenate strings or add two numbers

• Example: Overloading the * operator to perform matrix multiplication

BCNF is a normal form in database management systems that ensures all determinants are candidate keys.

• BCNF stands for Boyce-Codd Normal Form.

• It is a stricter version of 3NF (Third Normal Form).

• In BCNF, every determinant must be a candidate key.

• It helps in reducing redundancy and anomalies in the database.

• Example: If a table has columns A, B, and C, and A determines B and B determines C, then it is not in BCNF unless A is a candidate key.

Use two identical wires to measure 45 minutes by burning them at different ends.

• Burn one end of the first wire and both ends of the second wire simultaneously.

• When the first wire burns out completely (30 minutes), light the other end of the second wire.

• When the second wire burns out completely (15 minutes), 45 minutes have passed.

By burning one candle at both ends, you can calculate 45 minutes using only 2 candles.

• Light one end of the first candle and both ends of the second candle simultaneously.

• When the second candle burns out completely, 30 minutes have passed.

• Light the other end of the first candle and let it burn. When it meets the first end, 15 minutes have passed.

Foreign key is a column in a table that refers to the primary key of another table.

• It establishes a relationship between two tables.

• It ensures referential integrity.

• It can be null, but only if it is defined as nullable.

• It helps in joining tables.

• Example: Customer table has a foreign key to the Order table's primary key.

• Example: Order table's foreign key can be null if the order has not been placed by any customer yet.

Normalization is the process of organizing data in a database to reduce redundancy and improve data integrity.

• Normalization involves breaking down a database into smaller, more manageable tables.

• It helps to eliminate data redundancy and inconsistencies.

• Normalization ensures that each table has a primary key and that data is stored in a logical and consistent manner.

• It improves data integrity and reduces the likelihood of errors and inconsistencies.

• Normalization is important f...read more

The database design for an ATM system should include tables for users, accounts, transactions, and ATM machines.

• Create a table for users with fields like user_id, name, pin, etc.

• Create a table for accounts with fields like account_id, user_id, balance, etc.

• Create a table for transactions with fields like transaction_id, account_id, amount, date, etc.

• Create a table for ATM machines with fields like atm_id, location, status, etc.

AES is a more secure and efficient cipher compared to DES.

• AES has a block size of 128 bits, while DES has a block size of 64 bits.

• AES supports key sizes of 128, 192, or 256 bits, while DES supports only 56-bit keys.

• AES is considered more secure and efficient than DES due to its stronger encryption algorithm and larger key sizes.

Normalized form is better for data consistency and scalability.

• Normalized form reduces data redundancy and ensures data consistency.

• Normalized form allows for easier scalability and maintenance.

• Single table/2 tables may be appropriate for small, simple datasets.

• Normalized form may require more complex queries to retrieve data.

• Normalized form may require more storage space due to additional tables.

• Example: Normalized form for a customer database would have separate tables for ...read more

Normalization is the process of organizing data in a database to reduce redundancy and improve data integrity.

• Normalization involves breaking down a database into smaller, more manageable tables.

• It helps in reducing data redundancy by storing data in a structured way.

• There are different normal forms such as 1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF, etc., each with specific rules to follow.

• Normalization ensures data integrity and reduces the chances of anomalies like insertion, update, and deletio...read more

Public cloud is shared infrastructure available to anyone, while private cloud is dedicated infrastructure for a single organization.

• Public cloud is accessible to multiple organizations or users, while private cloud is exclusive to a single organization.

• Public cloud services are provided over the internet, while private cloud services can be hosted on-premises or in a dedicated data center.

• Public cloud offers cost-effective scalability and flexibility, while private cloud off...read more

I am confident in developing arrays, linked lists, and hash tables.

• Arrays are simple and efficient for storing and accessing data.

• Linked lists are useful for dynamic data structures and efficient insertion/deletion.

• Hash tables provide fast access to data with key-value pairs.

Find the minimum and maximum values in an array in a single traversal.

• Initialize min and max variables with the first element of the array

• Iterate through the array and update min and max if a smaller or larger value is found

• Return the min and max values

String class is immutable in Java to ensure security, thread-safety, and performance.

• Immutable objects are thread-safe as they cannot be modified by multiple threads simultaneously.

• Immutable objects are also secure as they cannot be modified by malicious code.

• String pool is possible because of immutability, which improves performance by reducing memory usage.

• StringBuffer and StringBuilder classes are used for mutable string operations.

C++ is a programming language. Deep copy creates a new object and copies all values, while shallow copy creates a reference to the original object.

• C++ is a general-purpose programming language

• Deep copy creates a new object with its own copy of the data

• Shallow copy creates a reference to the original object

• Deep copy is safer but can be slower and consume more memory

• Shallow copy is faster but can lead to unexpected behavior if the original object is modified

C is a procedural programming language while C++ is a multi-paradigm programming language with object-oriented features.

• C is a procedural programming language while C++ supports both procedural and object-oriented programming.

• C does not support classes and objects while C++ does.

• C does not have built-in support for exception handling while C++ does.

• C does not have namespaces while C++ does.

• C does not have function overloading while C++ does.

C is a procedural programming language while C++ is an object-oriented programming language with features like classes and inheritance.

• C is a procedural programming language, while C++ is a multi-paradigm language with support for object-oriented programming.

• C does not support classes and objects, while C++ does.

• C uses structures for data organization, while C++ uses classes.

• C does not have features like inheritance and polymorphism, which are present in C++.

• C++ allows functi...read more

The 'finally' block in Java is used to execute code after try-catch blocks, even if an exception is thrown.

• The 'finally' block is always executed, regardless of whether an exception is thrown or caught.

• It is used to release resources like database connections, network connections, etc.

• If the JVM exits while the try or catch code is being executed, then the 'finally' block may not execute.

• If the thread executing the try or catch code is interrupted or killed, the 'finally' blo...read more

Given a chessboard, find the maximum number of squares present.

• Start with the smallest square and count all possible squares

• Use the formula n*(n+1)*(2n+1)/6 to find the total number of squares in an n x n chessboard

• Add up the squares of all sizes from 1 to n to get the maximum number of squares

• For example, an 8 x 8 chessboard has 204 squares

Various SQL queries related to data manipulation and retrieval were asked during the interview.

• Basic SELECT queries to retrieve data from a single table

• JOIN queries to retrieve data from multiple tables based on a common column

• Aggregate functions like COUNT, SUM, AVG, etc. to perform calculations on data

• Subqueries to retrieve data based on the result of another query

• UPDATE queries to modify existing data in a table

• DELETE queries to remove specific records from a table

The program should differentiate between integers and characters when using the assignment operator (=).

• Check the data type of the variable before assigning a value.

• Use conditional statements to perform different actions based on the data type.

• For integers, assign the value directly. For characters, convert the character to its ASCII value and assign it.

Yes, a unique key can be a primary key.

• A primary key is a unique identifier for a record in a table.

• A unique key is a constraint that ensures the values in a column are unique.

• A unique key can be used as a primary key if it meets the requirements.

• A primary key cannot have NULL values, while a unique key can have one NULL value.

Write-ahead logging is a technique used in DBMS to ensure that changes are recorded in the log before they are applied to the database.

• Write-ahead logging ensures that changes are first written to the log file before being applied to the database to maintain data integrity.

• It helps in recovering the database in case of a system crash or failure by replaying the log entries to bring the database back to a consistent state.

• This technique is commonly used in databases like Postg...read more

Implementing a queue using stack involves using two stacks to simulate the behavior of a queue.

• Create two stacks, one for enqueue and one for dequeue operations.

• For enqueue operation, push the element onto the enqueue stack.

• For dequeue operation, if the dequeue stack is empty, pop all elements from the enqueue stack and push onto the dequeue stack.

• Pop the top element from the dequeue stack for dequeue operation.

I would use load balancing, caching, and scaling techniques to manage the 1 million requests.

• Implement load balancing to distribute requests evenly across multiple servers.

• Utilize caching to store frequently accessed data and reduce response times.

• Scale horizontally by adding more servers to handle the increased load.

• Optimize code and database queries to improve performance.

• Monitor system performance and make adjustments as needed.

Query to find the nth highest salary in a database

• Use the ORDER BY clause to sort salaries in descending order

• Use the LIMIT clause to specify the nth highest salary

• Consider handling cases where there may be ties for the nth highest salary

The maximum number of squares on a chessboard is 64.

• The chessboard has 64 squares in total.

• The number of squares on a chessboard can be calculated using the formula n^2, where n is the number of rows or columns.

• In this case, n = 8 (8 rows and 8 columns), so the maximum number of squares is 8^2 = 64.

To find min and max of an array in one traversal, initialize min and max to first element and compare with rest.

• Initialize min and max to first element of array

• Traverse the array and compare each element with min and max

• Update min and max accordingly

• Return min and max

RDBMS is a type of DBMS that manages data in a structured format using tables with relationships.

• RDBMS enforces referential integrity through foreign keys, while DBMS does not.

• RDBMS supports ACID properties (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability), while DBMS may not.

• RDBMS allows for normalization of data to reduce redundancy, while DBMS does not have this feature.

• Examples of RDBMS include MySQL, Oracle, SQL Server. Examples of DBMS include Microsoft Access, FoxPro.

Find the repeated number in a list of contagious numbers.

• Iterate through the list and keep track of the numbers seen so far

• If a number is already seen, it is the repeated number

• Use a hash set or dictionary to efficiently check for duplicates

• If the list is sorted, use two pointers to find the repeated number

Deadlock avoidance schemes are strategies used to prevent deadlocks in a system.

• Banker's algorithm: Ensures that the system will never enter an unsafe state by keeping track of available resources and only granting a request if it does not lead to a deadlock.

• Wait-die and Wound-wait: Two deadlock prevention schemes used in transaction processing systems to avoid deadlocks by allowing transactions to wait or abort based on their timestamps.

• Resource allocation graph: A graph-bas...read more

A virtual function in C++ is a function that is declared within a base class and is redefined by a derived class.

• Virtual functions allow a function to be overridden in a derived class.

• They are used in polymorphism to achieve runtime binding.

• The base class function must be declared as virtual for dynamic binding to occur.

• Example: virtual void display() = 0; // pure virtual function

The given string needs to be reversed and the words need to be rearranged.

• Split the string into an array of words

• Reverse the array

• Join the array elements with a space in between

Deep copy creates a new object with a new memory address, while shallow copy creates a new reference to the same memory address.

• Deep copy duplicates the object and all its nested objects, while shallow copy only duplicates the top-level object.

• Deep copy is slower and more memory-intensive than shallow copy.

• Shallow copy can lead to unexpected behavior if the original object is modified.

• In Python, deep copy can be achieved using the deepcopy() function from the copy module, whi...read more

Primary key is a column or set of columns that uniquely identifies each row in a table. Unique key is a constraint that ensures uniqueness of values in a column or set of columns.

• Primary key is used to enforce data integrity and ensure that each row in a table can be uniquely identified.

• Unique key is used to ensure that no two rows in a table have the same values in a column or set of columns.

• Primary key can be a single column or a combination of columns, while unique key can...read more

SAP is a multinational software corporation that provides enterprise software solutions.

• SAP develops and sells software for managing business operations and customer relations.

• Their software helps organizations streamline processes, improve efficiency, and make data-driven decisions.

• SAP offers a wide range of products, including ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning), CRM (Customer Relationship Management), and SCM (Supply Chain Management) solutions.

• Their software is used by com...read more

Design an e-commerce website similar to Flipkart or Amazon.

• Implement user-friendly interface for easy navigation

• Include search functionality with filters for products

• Incorporate secure payment gateway for transactions

• Provide personalized recommendations based on user behavior

• Include customer reviews and ratings for products

• Implement order tracking and delivery status updates

• Offer various payment options like credit/debit cards, net banking, and COD

Reverse a linked list with and without using Recursion

• Iterative approach: Use three pointers to reverse the links between nodes

• Recursive approach: Recursively reverse the rest of the list and then fix the links

The number of VTables created in a class hierarchy depends on the number of virtual functions and the number of derived classes.

• VTables are used in object-oriented programming languages to implement dynamic dispatch.

• Each class with at least one virtual function has its own VTable.

• Derived classes inherit the VTable of their base class and add their own entries for any additional virtual functions.

• The total number of VTables created in a class hierarchy is equal to the number o...read more

ArrayList and LinkedList are both implementations of List interface in Java. ArrayList is backed by an array while LinkedList is backed by a doubly linked list.

• ArrayList provides constant time access to elements while LinkedList provides constant time insertion and deletion at any position.

• ArrayList is better for random access and LinkedList is better for sequential access.

• Other implementations of List interface include Vector, Stack, CopyOnWriteArrayList.

• Vector is similar to...read more

StringBuilder is not thread-safe while StringBuffer is thread-safe.

• StringBuilder is faster than StringBuffer in single-threaded environments.

• StringBuffer is synchronized, making it safe to use in multi-threaded environments.

• Both classes are used to manipulate strings, but StringBuilder is preferred for single-threaded environments.

• Example: StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("Hello");

• Example: StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer("World");

Preinitialization is the process of initializing data or objects before they are actually needed.

• Preinitialization can improve performance by reducing the time needed to initialize data or objects when they are actually needed.

• It can also help to avoid delays or interruptions during runtime.

• Examples of preinitialization include preloading data into memory, initializing objects in advance, and caching frequently used data.

Detect a loop in a linked list.

• Use two pointers, one moving at a slower pace than the other.

• If there is a loop, the faster pointer will eventually catch up with the slower one.

• If the faster pointer reaches the slower pointer, there is a loop in the linked list.

Function overloading is when multiple functions have the same name but different parameters or return types.

• Allows multiple functions with the same name but different parameters or return types

• Helps improve code readability and maintainability

• Example: int add(int a, int b) and float add(float a, float b)

REST is lightweight and uses HTTP for communication, while SOAP is XML-based and has a more complex messaging format.

• REST is simpler and easier to use than SOAP.

• SOAP is more secure and reliable than REST.

• REST uses HTTP methods like GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, while SOAP uses XML messaging format.

• REST is better suited for web applications, while SOAP is better suited for enterprise-level applications.

• Examples of RESTful services include Twitter, Google Maps, and Amazon S3, while e...read more

A clustered index is a type of index that sorts and stores the data rows in the table based on their key values.

• Defines the order in which data is physically stored in a table

• Only one clustered index per table

• Helps in improving the performance of queries that involve range searches or sorting

• Example: Clustered index on a table's primary key

Structure padding is the concept of adding empty bytes to a structure to align its data members on memory boundaries.

• Structure padding is done to optimize memory access and improve performance.

• Padding is necessary because most processors require data to be aligned on specific memory boundaries for efficient access.

• For example, if a structure contains a char followed by an int, padding may be added after the char to align the int on a 4-byte boundary.

Pre initialization refers to the process of initializing variables or objects before they are used in a program.

• Pre initialization helps avoid errors or unexpected behavior caused by using uninitialized variables.

• It is a good practice to pre initialize variables with default values.

• Pre initialization can be done using constructors, default values, or initialization blocks.

• Example: int count = 0; initializes the variable 'count' with the value 0.