10+ Indo Infrastructures Interview Questions and Answers

Neurogenerative disorders are conditions that cause progressive degeneration of the nervous system. Drugs used include dopamine agonists, cholinesterase inhibitors, and NMDA receptor antagonists.

• Neurogenerative disorders are characterized by the gradual loss of neurons in the brain and spinal cord.

• Common neurogenerative disorders include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease.

• Drugs used to treat these disorders aim to alleviate symptoms and slow do...read more

Early phase I is the initial stage of clinical trials to test the safety and dosage of a new drug in a small group of healthy volunteers.

• Small group of healthy volunteers are given the drug

• Focus is on safety and dosage

• Usually involves fewer than 30 participants

• Helps determine if the drug is safe enough to move on to phase II

Phase I studies focus on the safety and tolerability of a new drug in a small group of healthy volunteers.

• Phase I studies involve a small number of participants, usually healthy volunteers.

• The main goal is to determine the safety and tolerability of the drug at different doses.

• These studies also look at how the drug is metabolized and excreted in the body.

• Phase I studies are usually the first step in testing a new drug before moving on to larger trials.

• Examples of phase I stu...read more

Drug regulatory authorities of different countries oversee the approval and monitoring of pharmaceutical products.

• Each country has its own drug regulatory authority responsible for ensuring the safety, efficacy, and quality of drugs.

• Examples include the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) in the European Union, and the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA) in Japan.

• These authorities review clinical trial dat...read more

Market capitalisation is the total value of a company's outstanding shares of stock, calculated by multiplying the current stock price by the total number of outstanding shares.

• Market capitalisation is used to determine the size of a company in the stock market.

• It is calculated by multiplying the current stock price by the total number of outstanding shares.

• Market capitalisation helps investors assess the value and risk of investing in a particular company.

• For example, if a c...read more

Types of capital increase include equity capital increase, debt capital increase, and hybrid capital increase.

• Equity capital increase involves issuing new shares to raise funds from shareholders.

• Debt capital increase involves borrowing money from creditors or issuing bonds.

• Hybrid capital increase combines elements of both equity and debt financing.

• Examples: issuing new shares, taking out a loan, issuing convertible bonds.

Adr vs Ae difference and definitions

• ADR stands for Adverse Drug Reaction, which refers to any harmful or unintended reaction to a medication at normal doses

• AE stands for Adverse Event, which is any untoward medical occurrence in a patient or clinical investigation subject

• The main difference is that ADR specifically refers to reactions caused by a drug, while AE is a broader term encompassing any negative medical event

• Examples of ADRs include nausea, rash, or dizziness due to ...read more

Clinical trials typically consist of four phases: Phase 0, Phase I, Phase II, and Phase III.

• Phase 0: Exploratory study involving very limited human exposure to the drug.

• Phase I: Small group of healthy volunteers to determine safety and dosage.

• Phase II: Larger group to further evaluate safety and efficacy.

• Phase III: Large-scale study to confirm effectiveness, monitor side effects, and compare to existing treatments.

Drug linking types refer to the different ways in which drugs can be connected or associated with each other.

• Drug-drug interactions: when one drug affects the activity of another drug in the body

• Drug-disease interactions: when a drug is linked to a specific disease or condition

• Drug-target interactions: when a drug interacts with a specific biological target in the body

• Drug-class interactions: when drugs are grouped together based on similar characteristics or mechanisms of ac...read more