10+ TCS Interview Questions and Answers

Choosing the optimal K value in K-means clustering is crucial for accurate results.

• Elbow method: Plotting the sum of squared distances vs. K and selecting the K value where the curve bends like an elbow.

• Silhouette method: Calculating the average silhouette score for different K values and choosing the one with the highest score.

• Gap statistic method: Comparing the within-cluster dispersion to a reference null distribution to find the optimal K value.

• Cross-validation: Splitting...read more

Formulas for Precision, Recall, Accuracy, F1 Score in data science.

• Precision = TP / (TP + FP)

• Recall = TP / (TP + FN)

• Accuracy = (TP + TN) / (TP + TN + FP + FN)

• F1 Score = 2 * (Precision * Recall) / (Precision + Recall)

Overfitting and underfitting are common issues in machine learning where the model either learns the noise in the training data or fails to capture the underlying patterns.

• Overfitting occurs when a model learns the training data too well, including noise and outliers, leading to poor generalization on new data.

• Underfitting happens when a model is too simple to capture the underlying patterns in the data, resulting in high bias and low variance.

• Examples of overfitting include ...read more

Regularization techniques are methods used to prevent overfitting in machine learning models by adding a penalty term to the loss function.

• Regularization techniques help in reducing the complexity of the model by penalizing large coefficients.

• Common regularization techniques include L1 regularization (Lasso), L2 regularization (Ridge), and Elastic Net regularization.

• Regularization helps in improving the generalization of the model by preventing it from fitting noise in the tr...read more

Population refers to the entire group of individuals or items that we are interested in studying, while a sample is a subset of the population.

• Population is the larger group that we want to draw conclusions about.

• Sample is a smaller group selected from the population to represent it.

• Population parameters are characteristics of the entire group, while sample statistics are characteristics of the sample.

• Example: Population could be all students in a school, while a sample could...read more

Hypothesis testing is a statistical method used to make inferences about a population based on sample data.

• It involves formulating a hypothesis about a population parameter, collecting data, and using statistical tests to determine if the data supports or rejects the hypothesis.

• There are two types of hypotheses: null hypothesis (H0) and alternative hypothesis (H1).

• Common statistical tests for hypothesis testing include t-tests, ANOVA, chi-square tests, and regression analysis...read more

Key observations on the shopfloor include employee productivity, equipment maintenance, safety compliance, and overall workflow efficiency.

• Employee productivity: Monitoring the output of each worker and identifying areas for improvement.

• Equipment maintenance: Ensuring that machinery is properly maintained to prevent downtime.

• Safety compliance: Observing if employees are following safety protocols to prevent accidents.

• Workflow efficiency: Identifying bottlenecks and streamlini...read more

My current CTC is $100,000 per year.

• My current CTC is $100,000 per year

• I am currently earning $100,000 annually

• My current salary package is $100,000

The expectation is to effectively lead and manage the overall operations of the organization to achieve its goals and objectives.

• Develop and implement strategic plans to drive business growth

• Oversee day-to-day operations and ensure efficiency

• Lead and motivate team members to achieve high performance

• Monitor and analyze key performance indicators to track progress

• Communicate effectively with stakeholders and provide regular updates

Multithreading allows multiple threads to run concurrently, garbage collector manages memory, ACID properties ensure database transactions are reliable.

• Multithreading enables multiple threads to run simultaneously, improving performance and responsiveness.

• Garbage collector automatically manages memory by reclaiming unused memory, preventing memory leaks.

• ACID properties (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) ensure database transactions are reliable and maintain data ...read more

PPAP stands for Production Part Approval Process, a standardized process in the automotive industry to ensure suppliers meet quality standards.

• PPAP is a set of documents and procedures used to ensure that a supplier's parts meet the customer's requirements.

• It includes documentation such as design records, engineering change documents, process flow diagrams, and control plans.

• PPAP also involves sample parts, measurement system analysis, and statistical process control.

• The purp...read more