10+ Tata International Interview Questions and Answers

To check how much space is left in the current drive, you can use the 'df' command in the terminal.

• Use the 'df' command followed by the '-h' flag to display the disk space in a human-readable format.

• Look for the 'Available' column to see how much space is left on the current drive.

• Example: 'df -h' will show you the disk space usage on all mounted filesystems.

To find all processes that have opened a file in Linux, you can use the lsof command.

• Use the lsof command followed by the file path to see which processes have opened the file.

• You can also use the -t option with lsof to only display the process IDs.

• To find all processes that have opened any file in a specific directory, use lsof +D /path/to/directory.

File with 644 permissions in Linux means read and write access for owner, and read-only access for group and others.

• Owner can read and write the file

• Group and others can only read the file

• Permissions are represented as three sets of three bits (rwx)

A pipe in operating systems is a form of inter-process communication that allows the output of one process to be used as the input of another process.

• A pipe is a method for passing data between processes in a unidirectional manner.

• It is typically used when the output of one process needs to be input into another process.

• Pipes are created using the pipe() system call in Unix-like operating systems.

• An example of using a pipe is when using the 'ls | grep' command in a Unix shell...read more

Use a subquery to find the second highest salary from a table in SQL.

• Use a subquery to select the maximum salary from the table.

• Then use another subquery to select the maximum salary that is less than the maximum salary found in the first subquery.

To take a backup of a table in MySQL, you can use the mysqldump command.

• Use the mysqldump command followed by the database name and table name to backup a specific table.

• Specify the username and password for the MySQL database when using mysqldump.

• You can also backup multiple tables or the entire database using mysqldump.

• Save the backup file in a secure location for future restoration if needed.

Crontab commands are used in Linux for scheduling tasks at specific times.

• crontab -e: Edit the crontab file

• crontab -l: List the current crontab entries

• crontab -r: Remove the current crontab file

• crontab -u username: Specify the username whose crontab is to be modified

• */5 * * * * command: Run 'command' every 5 minutes

Basic components of Linux include kernel, shell, commands, utilities, and file system.

• Kernel - core component that manages hardware resources

• Shell - interface for users to interact with the system

• Commands - instructions given to the system for specific tasks

• Utilities - additional tools for system management

• File system - structure for organizing and storing data

Normalization is the process of organizing data in a database to reduce redundancy and improve data integrity. Denormalization is the opposite process.

• Normalization involves breaking down data into smaller, more manageable tables to reduce redundancy and dependency.

• Denormalization involves combining tables to improve query performance by reducing the number of joins needed.

• Normalization helps maintain data integrity by reducing the risk of anomalies such as update, insert, an...read more

LVM stands for Logical Volume Manager, used to manage disk space efficiently by allowing for dynamic resizing of volumes.

• LVM allows for easy resizing of volumes without needing to unmount the filesystem

• It provides features like striping, mirroring, and snapshots for data management

• LVM is required for efficient storage management in enterprise environments

The '/proc' file system in Linux is a virtual file system that provides detailed information about the system's hardware, processes, and kernel.

• It is a virtual file system that exists only in memory and does not correspond to any physical disk storage.

• It provides real-time information about various system resources such as CPU, memory, processes, and devices.

• Users can access and manipulate system information by reading from and writing to files within the '/proc' directory.

• Fo...read more

Use grep command with -i flag to print lines containing 'july' ignoring case.

• Use the following command: grep -i 'july' file.txt

• Replace 'file.txt' with the actual file name if applicable

• The -i flag makes the search case-insensitive