The OSI model has seven layers, as shown in Table 5.1. The layers may be listed in top-to-bottom or bottom-to-top order. Using the latter, they are Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, and Application.

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The OSI model is a conceptual framework that standardizes the functions of a communication system into seven layers.

The Physical layer is responsible for the physical transmission of data.
The Data Link layer provides error-free transmission of data frames between nodes on a network.
The Network layer handles routing and logical addressing.
The Transport layer ensures reliable delivery of data between end systems.
The Session layer establishes, manages, and terminates connections between applications.
The Presentation layer handles data formatting and encryption.
The Application layer provides services directly to the end user.

The OSI model has seven layers, as shown in Table 5.1. The layers may be listed in top-to-bottom or bottom-to-top order. Using the latter, they are Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, and Application.

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