synchronization using semaphore and mutexes

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Semaphores and mutexes are synchronization mechanisms used in multi-threaded programming to control access to shared resources.

Semaphores are used to control access to a shared resource by counting the number of available resources.
Mutexes are used to provide mutual exclusion to shared resources by allowing only one thread to access the resource at a time.
Semaphores can be used to implement producer-consumer problem, while mutexes are typically used for critical sections.
Example: Using a semaphore to limit the number of threads accessing a database connection pool.
Example: Using a mutex to protect a shared data structure from concurrent access.

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