Punj Lloyd Interview Questions and Answers

IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses while IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses.

• IPv4 addresses are written in decimal format (e.g. 192.168.1.1) while IPv6 addresses are written in hexadecimal format (e.g. 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334).

• IPv4 supports around 4.3 billion unique addresses, while IPv6 supports an astronomical number of unique addresses (2^128).

• IPv4 uses ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) for mapping IP addresses to MAC addresses, while IPv6 uses NDP (Neighbor Discovery Prot...read more

OSI layers refer to the seven layers in the OSI model that define the functions of a network protocol stack.

• The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is a conceptual framework used to understand how different networking protocols interact.

• There are seven layers in the OSI model, each with its own specific functions and responsibilities.

• The layers are: Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, and Application.

• Each layer communicates with the layers abo...read more

MPLS stands for Multiprotocol Label Switching, a technique used in telecommunications networks to direct data packets along predefined paths.

• MPLS is a protocol used to speed up and shape network traffic.

• It operates at layer 2.5 of the OSI model, between traditional layer 2 (Data Link Layer) and layer 3 (Network Layer).

• MPLS uses labels to make forwarding decisions, allowing for faster and more efficient routing.

• It is commonly used by service providers to offer quality of servi...read more

IP stands for Internet Protocol, a set of rules governing the format of data sent over the internet.

• IP addresses are unique identifiers assigned to devices connected to a network.

• There are two versions of IP - IPv4 and IPv6.

• IP packets contain information such as source and destination addresses, as well as data payload.

• IP routing is the process of forwarding packets from one network to another.

• Subnetting allows for the division of IP networks into smaller subnetworks.

DWDM/SDH/CWDM are optical networking technologies. LOS and LOF are types of alarms indicating signal loss or failure.

• DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing) is a technology that allows multiple data streams to be transmitted over a single optical fiber by using different wavelengths of light.

• SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) is a standard for transmitting digital signals over optical fibers. It provides a way to multiplex different data streams and ensure their synchr...read more