What is semaphore and mutex, binary semaphore, thread and process

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Semaphores and mutex are synchronization mechanisms in multithreading. Threads are lightweight processes, while processes are independent execution units.

Semaphore: used to control access to a shared resource by multiple threads. Example: controlling access to a printer in a networked system.
Mutex: similar to a semaphore but only allows one thread to access a resource at a time. Example: protecting a critical section of code.
Binary semaphore: a semaphore with only two states, 0 and 1. Used for simple synchronization tasks.
Thread: a lightweight process that shares the same memory space as other threads in the same process. Example: handling multiple client requests in a web server.
Process: an independent execution unit with its own memory space. Example: running multiple instances of a program simultaneously.

What is semaphore and mutex, binary semaphore, thread and process

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