20+ ESPN Cricinfo Interview Questions and Answers

STP (Spanning Tree Protocol) is a network protocol that prevents loops in Ethernet networks. It elects a root bridge to manage the network.

• STP is a network protocol used to prevent loops in Ethernet networks.

• It works by creating a loop-free logical topology by blocking redundant paths.

• STP elects a root bridge, which becomes the central point of the network.

• The root bridge is the bridge with the lowest bridge ID.

• STP uses Bridge Protocol Data Units (BPDUs) to exchange informati...read more

Private IP addresses ranges are reserved for internal networks and not routable on the internet.

• Private IP addresses are used within a local network and are not accessible from the internet

• There are three ranges of private IP addresses: 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255, 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255, and 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255

• Private IP addresses are commonly used in home and office networks to allow devices to communicate with each other

BGP is a routing protocol used to exchange routing information between different networks.

• BGP stands for Border Gateway Protocol.

• It is used to connect different autonomous systems (AS) on the internet.

• BGP uses path vector routing to determine the best path for data to travel.

• BGP attributes include AS path, next hop, local preference, and origin.

• AS path is a list of AS numbers that the route has passed through.

• Next hop is the IP address of the next router in the path.

• Local pre...read more

OSPF is a routing protocol used to exchange routing information between routers in a network.

• OSPF stands for Open Shortest Path First

• It is a link-state routing protocol

• OSPF uses LSAs (Link State Advertisements) to exchange routing information

• There are 5 types of LSAs: Router LSA, Network LSA, Summary LSA, ASBR Summary LSA, and External LSA

• Each LSA type serves a different purpose in the OSPF network

• OSPF is commonly used in large enterprise networks

Static routes are manually configured while default routes are used when no other route is available.

• Static routes are manually configured by the network administrator

• Default routes are used when no other route is available

• Static routes have a higher priority than default routes

• Static routes are more specific than default routes

• Example: ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.1

• Example: ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 10.0.0.1

VLAN stands for Virtual Local Area Network. It is a logical grouping of devices on a network based on function, department or application.

• VLANs allow network administrators to segment a network into smaller, more manageable groups.

• Devices in a VLAN can communicate with each other as if they were on the same physical network, even if they are physically located on different switches.

• VLANs can improve network security by isolating sensitive data and restricting access to certai...read more

RT stands for Route Target and RD stands for Route Distinguisher.

• RT is used in MPLS VPN to identify which VPN a particular packet belongs to.

• RD is used to distinguish between identical routes learned from different VRFs.

• RT is a 64-bit value and RD is a 64-bit value or a combination of 32-bit AS number and 32-bit identifier.

• Example: RT can be used to route traffic from a specific VPN to a specific service provider.

• Example: RD can be used to differentiate between routes learned...read more

Fireball is not used in hardware.

• Fireball is not a term commonly used in the context of hardware.

• There is no specific hardware component or technology called Fireball.

• It is possible that the interviewer may have made a mistake or referred to a different term.

Private IP addresses ranges are reserved for use within private networks and are not routable on the internet.

• Private IP address ranges include: 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255, 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255, and 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255

• These ranges are defined in RFC 1918 and are commonly used in home, office, and enterprise networks

• Private IP addresses allow multiple devices to share a single public IP address for internet access

ABR router stands for Area Border Router, which connects multiple areas in a OSPF network.

• ABR router is used in OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) protocol.

• It connects multiple areas in a network and acts as a gateway between them.

• ABR router maintains separate link-state databases for each area it connects.

• It summarizes the routing information between areas to reduce the size of the routing table.

• Example: In a company network, ABR router connects the main office area with the br...read more

BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) is an exterior gateway protocol used in internet routing. It is used to exchange routing information between different autonomous systems.

• BGP is used to connect different autonomous systems (AS) on the internet.

• It is a path-vector protocol that determines the best path for data packets to travel between AS.

• BGP has two main types: eBGP (External BGP) and iBGP (Internal BGP).

• eBGP is used to exchange routing information between different AS, while i...read more

A subnet is a logical subdivision of an IP network. It allows for efficient use of IP addresses and helps in network management.

• Subnets divide a larger network into smaller, more manageable networks.

• They are created by borrowing bits from the host portion of an IP address.

• Subnetting helps in reducing network congestion and improving security.

• Types of subnets include Classful Subnetting, Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR), and Variable Length Subnet Masking (VLSM).

Switch is used at the data link layer of the OSI model.

• Switches operate at Layer 2 of the OSI model.

• They use MAC addresses to forward data within a local area network (LAN).

• Switches improve network performance by reducing collisions and providing dedicated bandwidth.

• Examples of switches include Ethernet switches and VLAN switches.

The OSI model is a conceptual framework that standardizes the functions of a communication system into seven layers.

• The OSI model stands for Open Systems Interconnection model.

• It was developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 1984.

• The model divides the communication process into seven layers, each with its own specific functions.

• The layers are: Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, and Application.

• Each layer interacts wi...read more

An IP address is a unique numerical label assigned to each device connected to a computer network.

• IP address stands for Internet Protocol address.

• It is used to identify and locate devices on a network.

• IP addresses can be either IPv4 (32-bit) or IPv6 (128-bit) format.

• IPv4 addresses are written in the form of four sets of numbers separated by periods (e.g., 192.168.0.1).

• IPv6 addresses are written in the form of eight groups of four hexadecimal digits separated by colons (e.g., ...read more

The 2nd layer in the network model is the Data Link Layer.

• The Data Link Layer is responsible for the physical addressing of devices on the network.

• It ensures reliable transmission of data over the physical layer.

• Examples of protocols at this layer include Ethernet, Wi-Fi, and PPP.

TCP is a reliable, connection-oriented protocol while UDP is a fast, unreliable, connectionless protocol.

• TCP provides guaranteed delivery of data packets while UDP does not.

• TCP ensures data integrity through error checking and retransmission of lost packets.

• UDP is faster and more efficient for real-time applications like video streaming or online gaming.

• TCP is used for applications that require reliable and ordered delivery of data, such as web browsing or file transfer.

• UDP i...read more

A subnetting is the process of dividing a network into smaller subnetworks.

• Subnetting helps in optimizing network performance and security.

• It allows for efficient use of IP addresses.

• Subnetting involves creating subnets with their own unique network addresses.

A router is a networking device that forwards data packets between computer networks.

• Routes data packets between different networks

• Uses IP addresses to determine where to send data

• Acts as a gateway for devices to connect to the internet

• Can prioritize certain types of traffic for better performance

OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) is a routing protocol used to find the best path for data packets in a network.

• OSPF is a link-state routing protocol

• It uses Dijkstra's algorithm to calculate the shortest path

• OSPF routers exchange link-state advertisements (LSAs) to build a topology map

• It supports VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Masking) and CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing)

• OSPF divides the network into areas to reduce routing table size and improve scalability