what is machines, higher pair, lower pair, kinematic chain, conversion of chains/

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Machines, higher and lower pairs, kinematic chains, and conversion of chains are concepts in mechanical engineering.

Machines are devices that transmit or modify force and motion.
Higher pairs are joints that have surface contact and can transmit both force and motion.
Lower pairs are joints that have point contact and can only transmit motion.
Kinematic chains are a series of links connected by joints that transmit motion.
Conversion of chains involves changing the type of joint between links in a kinematic chain.
Example: A car engine is a machine that converts chemical energy into mechanical energy.
Example: A ball and socket joint is a higher pair that allows for a wide range of motion.
Example: A hinge joint is a lower pair that only allows for rotation.
Example: A robotic arm is a kinematic chain that can be converted from a revolute joint to a prismatic joint.
Example: A bicycle chain converts rotary motion from the pedals to the rear wheel.

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