Technical details and working principles of various indatruments.

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Various instruments work on different principles and technologies to measure and control physical quantities.

Instruments like thermocouples, RTDs, and thermistors measure temperature based on the change in electrical resistance with temperature.
Flow meters like orifice plates, venturi meters, and magnetic flow meters measure the flow rate of fluids based on the pressure drop across a constriction in the flow path.
Level sensors like ultrasonic, radar, and capacitive sensors measure the level of liquids or solids based on the reflection or absorption of waves.
Pressure sensors like piezoresistive, capacitive, and strain gauge sensors measure the pressure of gases or liquids based on the deformation of a sensing element.
Analytical instruments like gas chromatographs, mass spectrometers, and spectrophotometers measure the chemical composition of samples based on their interaction with electromagnetic radiation or electric fields.

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