How does distillation column works

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A distillation column is a device used to separate components of a liquid mixture based on their different boiling points.

Distillation column works on the principle of vapor-liquid equilibrium.
The mixture is heated in the column, and the components with lower boiling points vaporize first.
The vapor rises through the column and gets condensed on trays or packing material.
The condensed liquid flows down the column, while the uncondensed vapor continues to rise.
This process of vaporization and condensation is repeated in each tray or stage of the column.
The components with higher boiling points remain in the liquid phase and are collected as the bottom product.
The components with lower boiling points are collected as the top product.
Distillation columns are widely used in industries such as oil refining, chemical processing, and beverage production.

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