Antidiabetic drugs ,its mechanism ,types

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6,classes of oeal antidiabetic drugs ,biguanide, sulfonylureas,meglitinide , rhilaizolidinediones

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Diabetes mellitus (DM); It is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycaemia, (fasting plasma glucose 126 mg/dL and/or 200 mg/dL 2 hours after 75 g oral glucose), glycosuria, hyperlipidaemia, negative nitrogen balance and sometimes ketonaemia. Types of diabetes mellitus are; Type I Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)/juvenile onset diabetes mellitus: There is cell destruction in pancreatic. In all type I cases circulating insulin levels are low or very low, and patients are more prone to ketosis. Type II Noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM/maturity onset diabetes mellitus: There is no loss or only moderate reduction in cell mass; insulin in circulation is low, normal or even high, no anti-P-cell antibody is demonstrable; generally has a late onset (past middle age). Prediabetes: This type is the stage before Type 2 diabetes. Your blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be officially diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes. Gestational diabetes: This type develops in some women during their pregnancy. Gestational diabetes usually goes away after pregnancy. However, if you have gestational diabetes you're at higher risk of developing Type 2 diabetes later on in life. Anti Diabetic medication: Type 1 diabetes: SC insulin every day. Type 2 diabetes: Insulin, Oral anti diabetic drugs and lifestyle changes such as losing weight, making healthy food choices and being more physically active. Prediabetes: Treatments are focused on treatable risk factors, such as losing weight by eating a healthy diet and exercising. Gestational diabetes: Treatment is modifying your diet and getting regular exercise. If the target goal is still not met or your glucose level is very high, may start medication or insulin. Oral Antidiabetes medication drug classes include: Sulfonylureas: These drugs lower blood glucose by causing the pancreas to release more insulin. Examples include glimepiride (Amaryl®), glipizide (Glucotrol®) and glyburide (Micronase®, DiaBeta®). Glinides (also called meglitinides): These drugs lower blood glucose by getting the pancreas to release more insulin. Examples include repaglinide (Prandin®) and nateglinide (Starlix).

Biguanides: These drugs reduce how much glucose the liver produces. It also improves how insulin works in the body, and slows down the conversion of carbohydrates into sugar. Metformin (Glucophage®) is the example.

Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors: These drugs lower blood glucose by delaying the breakdown of carbohydrates and reducing glucose absorption in the small intestine. An example is acarbose (Precose®).

Thiazolidinediones: These drugs improve the way insulin works in the body by allowing more glucose to enter into muscles, fat and the liver. Examples include pioglitazone (Actos®) and rosiglitazone (Avandia®).

GLP-1 analogs (also called incretin mimetics or glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists): These drugs increase the release of insulin, reduce glucose release from the liver after meals and delay food emptying from the stomach. Examples include exenatide (Byetta®), liraglutide (Victoza®). albiglutide (Tanzeum®), semaglutide (Rybelsus®) and dulaglutide (Trulicity®).

DPP-4 inhibitors (also called dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors): These drugs help

your pancreas release more insulin after meals. They also lower the amount of

glucose released by the liver. Examples include alogliptin (Nesina®), sitagliptin (Januvia®), saxagliptin (Onglyza®) and linagliptin (Tradjenta®). SGLT2 inhibitors (also called sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors): These

drugs work on your kidneys to remove glucose in your body through your urine. Examples include canagliflozin (Invokana®), dapagliflozin (Farxiga®) and empagliflozin (Jardiance®).

Bile acid sequestrants: These drugs lower cholesterol and blood sugar levels. Examples include colestipol (ColestidⓇ), cholestyramine (Questran®) and colesevelam (Welchol).

Dopamine agonist: This medication lowers the amount of glucose released by the liver. An example is bromocriptine (Cyclocet).

Antidiabetic drugs ,its mechanism ,types

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