10+ Excelra Interview Questions and Answers

Receptor and ligand are key components in molecular interactions.

• A receptor is a protein molecule that binds to a specific ligand, triggering a biological response.

• Ligands are small molecules that bind to receptors, initiating a signaling cascade.

• Receptor-ligand interactions play crucial roles in various biological processes, such as cell signaling, immune response, and neurotransmission.

• Examples of receptor-ligand pairs include insulin receptor and insulin, dopamine receptor...read more

Anatomy, pharmacology, medicinal chemistry, toxicology, jurisprudence, pharmaceutics, pharmacognosy and analytical chemistry are all related to the field of pharmacy.

• Anatomy: study of the structure of living organisms

• Pharmacology: study of drugs and their effects on the body

• Medicinal chemistry: design and synthesis of drugs

• Toxicology: study of the harmful effects of chemicals on living organisms

• Jurisprudence: study of laws related to pharmacy

• Pharmaceutics: study of drug formu...read more

Organic and inorganic compounds are two types of chemical compounds. Functional groups are specific groups of atoms within molecules that determine their chemical properties. Free radicals are unstable molecules with unpaired electrons. Polymorphism is the ability of a substance to exist in multiple crystal structures. Mutation is a change in the DNA sequence.

• Organic compounds contain carbon and hydrogen atoms, while inorganic compounds do not.

• Functional groups include hydrox...read more

Clinical trials start with protocol development and end with data analysis and reporting.

• The starting part involves protocol development, obtaining necessary approvals, recruiting participants, and conducting the trial.

• The ending part involves data analysis, reporting of results, and submission of findings to regulatory authorities.

• The final step is the dissemination of results to the scientific community and the public.

• Examples of clinical trials include testing new drugs, m...read more

Ex vivo refers to experiments conducted outside of a living organism, while in vivo refers to experiments conducted within a living organism. Cell culture involves growing cells in a controlled environment, while a cell line is a population of cells that have been cultured and can be propagated indefinitely.

• Ex vivo experiments are typically conducted on tissues or organs that have been removed from a living organism, while in vivo experiments are conducted on living organisms...read more

The question is related to the medical field and requires knowledge of oral hypoglycemic classification, Parkinson's disease, and pharmacokinetics.

• Oral hypoglycemic drugs are classified into different categories based on their mechanism of action and chemical structure.

• Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects movement and is treated with medications that increase dopamine levels in the brain.

• Pharmacokinetics is the study of how drugs are absorbed, dist...read more

These are terms related to clinical trials and research analysis.

• Zone inhibition refers to the area around a bacterial colony where growth of other bacteria is inhibited.

• Phase of clinical trial refers to the stage of testing a new treatment or drug.

• Blinding is a method used in clinical trials to prevent bias by keeping participants or researchers unaware of which treatment is being given.

• CR stands for complete response, which means the disappearance of all signs of cancer aft...read more

Clinical trials involve several steps to ensure safety and efficacy of a new treatment.

• Designing the study protocol and obtaining necessary approvals

• Recruiting and selecting eligible participants

• Administering the treatment and collecting data on its effects

• Analyzing the data and reporting the findings

• Obtaining regulatory approval before the treatment can be marketed

• Phases of clinical trials include preclinical, phase I, II, III, and IV

• Examples of clinical trials include testi...read more

A peptide bond is a covalent bond formed between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid.

• Peptide bonds are formed through a dehydration synthesis reaction, where a water molecule is removed.

• They are responsible for linking amino acids together to form proteins.

• Peptide bonds have a partial double bond character, which restricts rotation around the bond.

• The peptide bond is planar and rigid, resulting in the formation of the peptide backbon...read more

Drugs have different mechanisms of action depending on their target and purpose.

• Some drugs work by blocking receptors, such as beta blockers for hypertension.

• Others work by inhibiting enzymes, such as statins for high cholesterol.

• Some drugs work by altering ion channels, such as calcium channel blockers for heart conditions.

• Antibiotics work by targeting bacterial cell walls or protein synthesis.

• Chemotherapy drugs work by targeting rapidly dividing cancer cells.

• Psychiatric dru...read more

DDI can have both positive and negative effects on patients depending on the drugs involved and their interactions.

• DDI can lead to increased efficacy of drugs when used in combination, resulting in better treatment outcomes.

• However, DDI can also lead to adverse effects such as toxicity, reduced efficacy, or drug interactions that can cause harm to the patient.

• For example, combining certain antidepressants with migraine medications can lead to serotonin syndrome, a potentially...read more

Drug-drug interactions occur when two or more drugs interact with each other and affect their effectiveness or cause adverse effects.

• Drug-drug interactions can occur when two or more drugs are taken together.

• They can affect the way drugs are absorbed, metabolized, or eliminated from the body.

• Drug-drug interactions can lead to adverse effects, reduced effectiveness, or toxicity.

• Examples of drug-drug interactions include warfarin and aspirin, which can increase the risk of blee...read more

Collagen is a protein found in the body that provides structure and support to tissues.

• Collagen is the most abundant protein in the body.

• It is found in skin, bones, tendons, ligaments, and cartilage.

• Collagen production decreases with age, leading to wrinkles and joint pain.

• Supplements and skincare products containing collagen are popular.

• There are different types of collagen, each with a specific function.