How to use a sensor with a microcontroller board(any board arduino, pico, esp32) how does the board take reading from the sensor and how does board controls the sensor(include io port, adc and others)

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A microcontroller board can interface with a sensor by connecting it to the appropriate input/output ports and using the board's built-in functions to read data from the sensor.

Connect the sensor to the microcontroller board using the appropriate pins or ports.
Configure the board's input/output ports to communicate with the sensor.
Use the board's analog-to-digital converter (ADC) to convert analog sensor readings into digital values.
Read data from the sensor using the board's specific libraries or functions.
Control the sensor by sending commands or signals through the board's output ports.
Examples: Using Arduino's analogRead() function to read data from a temperature sensor connected to an analog pin. Using ESP32's GPIO library to control an LED connected to a digital pin.

How to use a sensor with a microcontroller board(any board arduino, pico, esp32) how does the board take reading from the sensor and how does board controls the sensor(include io port, adc and others)

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