Explain me about OOPS Concepts. Write a program in C++ to calculate Fibonacci Series. Write a program in C ++ to calculate Factorial. What is Call by value, Call by reference? Explain abstraction, encapsulation and polymorphism with an example. Write a program for the same. What is switch, router and hub. Explain OSI Model.

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OOPS Concepts, Fibonacci Series, Factorial, Call by value/reference, Abstraction, Encapsulation, Polymorphism, Switch, Router, Hub, OSI Model

OOPS Concepts include inheritance, polymorphism, encapsulation, and abstraction
Example of Fibonacci Series program: int fib(int n) { return (n <= 1) ? n : fib(n-1) + fib(n-2); }
Example of Factorial program: int fact(int n) { return (n == 1 || n == 0) ? 1 : n * fact(n-1); }
Call by value passes a copy of the variable, while call by reference passes the actual variable
Abstraction hides complex implementation details, encapsulation restricts access to data, polymorphism allows objects to be treated as instances of their parent class
Example of abstraction: Car class with start() and stop() methods, hiding engine details
Example of encapsulation: Private variables in a class with public methods to access them
Example of polymorphism: Animal class with eat() method overridden in Dog and Cat classes
Switch forwards data to specific devices based on MAC address, router forwards data between networks based on IP address, hub broadcasts data to all connected devices
OSI Model has 7 layers: Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, Application

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