Celigo SDE Interview Questions and Answers

Inheritance is a concept in object-oriented programming where a class inherits properties and behaviors from another class.

• Inheritance allows for code reuse and promotes modularity.

• The class that is being inherited from is called the superclass or base class.

• The class that inherits from the superclass is called the subclass or derived class.

• The subclass can access the public and protected members of the superclass.

• Inhe...read more

Regular expressions in PHP are powerful tools for pattern matching and manipulating strings.

• Regular expressions are defined using the preg_match() function in PHP.

• They are used to search, replace, and validate strings based on specific patterns.

• Regex patterns consist of a combination of characters and special symbols.

• Modifiers can be added to the pattern to control the matching behavior.

• Common regex functions in PHP in...read more

Polymorphism is the ability of an object to take on many forms. It allows objects of different classes to be treated as the same type.

• Polymorphism allows a single interface to be used for different types of objects.

• It enables code reusability and flexibility in object-oriented programming.

• For example, a parent class 'Animal' can have multiple child classes like 'Dog', 'Cat', and 'Bird'. They can all be treated as 'Anim...read more

Sort the individual digits of a 10 digit number.

• Convert the number to a string to access individual digits

• Use a sorting algorithm to sort the digits

• Convert the sorted digits back to a number

The code for finding the Lowest Common Ancestor (LCA) in a Binary Search Tree (BST).

• Start from the root node and compare it with the given two nodes.

• If both nodes are smaller than the current node, move to the left subtree.

• If both nodes are greater than the current node, move to the right subtree.

• If one node is smaller and the other is greater, then the current node is the LCA.

• Continue this process until the LCA is fou

A DBMS for managing college faculty, professors, courses, and students.

• The DBMS should have tables for faculty, professors, courses, and students.

• Each table should have appropriate attributes to store relevant information.

• Relationships can be established between tables using foreign keys.

• Queries can be used to retrieve information about faculty, professors, courses, and students.

• The DBMS can be used to track enrollment

I was actively involved in coding competitions, hackathons, and programming clubs during college.

• Participated in coding competitions such as ACM ICPC and Codeforces

• Attended hackathons to work on real-world projects and improve problem-solving skills

• Joined programming clubs to collaborate with peers and learn new technologies

Yes, I believe in seeking help when stuck in a problem as it leads to faster resolution and learning.

• I believe in collaborating with team members to brainstorm solutions

• I am not afraid to ask for help from more experienced developers

• I utilize online resources like Stack Overflow or documentation when needed

Teamwork is collaborating with others towards a common goal, utilizing each member's strengths and skills.

• Collaborating with others towards a common goal

• Utilizing each member's strengths and skills

• Communicating effectively and openly

• Respecting and valuing diverse perspectives

• Sharing responsibilities and supporting each other

• Celebrating successes as a team

When faced with an unsolvable problem, I break it down, research, seek help, experiment, and iterate until a solution is found.

• Break down the problem into smaller, manageable parts

• Research and gather information related to the problem

• Seek help from colleagues, online communities, or experts

• Experiment with different approaches or solutions

• Iterate and refine the solution based on feedback and results

In 5 years, I see myself as a senior software developer leading a team of developers on innovative projects.

• Leading a team of developers on innovative projects

• Senior software developer role

• Continuing to learn and grow in the field

Find the minimum and maximum values in an array in a single traversal.

• Initialize min and max variables with the first element of the array

• Iterate through the array and update min and max if a smaller or larger value is found

• Return the min and max values

The maximum number of squares on a chessboard is 64.

• The chessboard has 64 squares in total.

• The number of squares on a chessboard can be calculated using the formula n^2, where n is the number of rows or columns.

• In this case, n = 8 (8 rows and 8 columns), so the maximum number of squares is 8^2 = 64.

C++ is a programming language. Deep copy creates a new object and copies all values, while shallow copy creates a reference to the original object.

• C++ is a general-purpose programming language

• Deep copy creates a new object with its own copy of the data

• Shallow copy creates a reference to the original object

• Deep copy is safer but can be slower and consume more memory

• Shallow copy is faster but can lead to unexpected behav

Pre initialization refers to the process of initializing variables or objects before they are used in a program.

• Pre initialization helps avoid errors or unexpected behavior caused by using uninitialized variables.

• It is a good practice to pre initialize variables with default values.

• Pre initialization can be done using constructors, default values, or initialization blocks.

• Example: int count = 0; initializes the variabl

Reverse a linked list with and without using Recursion

• Iterative approach: Use three pointers to reverse the links between nodes

• Recursive approach: Recursively reverse the rest of the list and then fix the links

Polymorphism refers to the ability of an object to take on many forms. The diamond problem occurs in multiple inheritance.

• Polymorphism can be achieved through method overloading and method overriding.

• Method overloading allows multiple methods with the same name but different parameters.

• Method overriding occurs when a subclass provides a specific implementation of a method already defined in its superclass.

• The diamond p...read more

The program should differentiate between integers and characters when using the assignment operator (=).

• Check the data type of the variable before assigning a value.

• Use conditional statements to perform different actions based on the data type.

• For integers, assign the value directly. For characters, convert the character to its ASCII value and assign it.

Sort an array by moving all zeroes to the end.

• Iterate through the array and move all non-zero elements to the front.

• Count the number of zeroes encountered and append them at the end of the array.

• Use two pointers to swap elements and maintain the order.

The number of VTables created in a class hierarchy depends on the number of virtual functions and the number of derived classes.

• VTables are used in object-oriented programming languages to implement dynamic dispatch.

• Each class with at least one virtual function has its own VTable.

• Derived classes inherit the VTable of their base class and add their own entries for any additional virtual functions.

• The total number of VTa...read more

List is preferred when frequent insertion and deletion is required. Vector is preferred when random access is required.

• List is implemented as a doubly-linked list, allowing for efficient insertion and deletion at any position.

• Vector is implemented as a dynamic array, allowing for efficient random access.

• Use List when the number of elements is expected to change frequently and the order of elements matters less.

• Use Vect...read more

The given string needs to be reversed and the words need to be rearranged.

• Split the string into an array of words

• Reverse the array

• Join the array elements with a space in between

Design a parking lot with Logic Flow Diagram, E-R diagram, DB tables with relations, and commands for transactions.

• Identify the types of vehicles that will use the parking lot

• Determine the number of parking spaces needed for each vehicle type

• Create a flow diagram to show the process of entering and exiting the parking lot

• Design an E-R diagram to show the relationships between entities such as vehicles, parking spaces, ...read more

To find min and max of an array in one traversal, initialize min and max to first element and compare with rest.

• Initialize min and max to first element of array

• Traverse the array and compare each element with min and max

• Update min and max accordingly

• Return min and max

Given a chessboard, find the maximum number of squares present.

• Start with the smallest square and count all possible squares

• Use the formula n*(n+1)*(2n+1)/6 to find the total number of squares in an n x n chessboard

• Add up the squares of all sizes from 1 to n to get the maximum number of squares

• For example, an 8 x 8 chessboard has 204 squares

C++ is a high-level programming language used for developing system software, application software, device drivers, and video games.

• C++ was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup in 1983.

• It is an extension of the C programming language.

• C++ supports object-oriented programming, generic programming, and low-level memory manipulation.

• It is used in developing operating systems, browsers, databases, and more.

• Examples of popular sof...read more

Deep copy creates a new object with a new memory address, while shallow copy creates a new reference to the same memory address.

• Deep copy duplicates the object and all its nested objects, while shallow copy only duplicates the top-level object.

• Deep copy is slower and more memory-intensive than shallow copy.

• Shallow copy can lead to unexpected behavior if the original object is modified.

• In Python, deep copy can be achiev...read more

Preinitialization is the process of initializing data or objects before they are actually needed.

• Preinitialization can improve performance by reducing the time needed to initialize data or objects when they are actually needed.

• It can also help to avoid delays or interruptions during runtime.

• Examples of preinitialization include preloading data into memory, initializing objects in advance, and caching frequently used da

Polymorphism can be achieved through method overloading, method overriding, and interfaces. Multiple inheritance can be solved using interfaces.

• Method overloading allows multiple methods with the same name but different parameters

• Method overriding allows a subclass to provide its own implementation of a method already defined in its superclass

• Interfaces provide a way to achieve multiple inheritance by allowing a class ...read more

WAP to generate a matrix from a given tree.

• Create a 2D array to store the matrix

• Traverse the tree and fill the matrix accordingly

• Use BFS or DFS to traverse the tree

• The matrix will be symmetric along the diagonal

Primary key is a column or set of columns that uniquely identifies each row in a table. Unique key is a constraint that ensures uniqueness of values in a column or set of columns.

• Primary key is used to enforce data integrity and ensure that each row in a table can be uniquely identified.

• Unique key is used to ensure that no two rows in a table have the same values in a column or set of columns.

• Primary key can be a singl...read more

Yes, a unique key can be a primary key.

• A primary key is a unique identifier for a record in a table.

• A unique key is a constraint that ensures the values in a column are unique.

• A unique key can be used as a primary key if it meets the requirements.

• A primary key cannot have NULL values, while a unique key can have one NULL value.

Foreign key is a column in a table that refers to the primary key of another table.

• It establishes a relationship between two tables.

• It ensures referential integrity.

• It can be null, but only if it is defined as nullable.

• It helps in joining tables.

• Example: Customer table has a foreign key to the Order table's primary key.

• Example: Order table's foreign key can be null if the order has not been placed by any customer yet.

Normalization is the process of organizing data in a database to reduce redundancy and improve data integrity.

• Normalization involves breaking down a database into smaller, more manageable tables.

• It helps to eliminate data redundancy and inconsistencies.

• Normalization ensures that each table has a primary key and that data is stored in a logical and consistent manner.

• It improves data integrity and reduces the likelihood ...read more

Normalized form is better for data consistency and scalability.

• Normalized form reduces data redundancy and ensures data consistency.

• Normalized form allows for easier scalability and maintenance.

• Single table/2 tables may be appropriate for small, simple datasets.

• Normalized form may require more complex queries to retrieve data.

• Normalized form may require more storage space due to additional tables.

• Example: Normalized fo...read more

Create a database for Indian Premier League (IPL)

• Identify entities like teams, players, matches, venues, etc.

• Create tables for each entity with relevant attributes

• Establish relationships between tables using foreign keys

• Add constraints like unique, not null, default values, etc.

• Populate tables with data from reliable sources

Query to find player with maximum runs in a match on given date and venue

• Use MAX() function to find maximum runs

• Join tables for player name, match details and runs scored

• Filter by given date and venue

• Order by runs scored and limit to 1 result

I am a passionate software developer with experience in Java, Python, and web development.

• Experienced in Java, Python, and web development technologies

• Strong problem-solving skills

• Excellent team player with good communication skills

SAP is a leading software provider with a wide range of products and solutions for businesses.

• SAP offers a comprehensive suite of enterprise software solutions for various industries.

• Their products are known for their scalability, reliability, and integration capabilities.

• SAP has a strong global presence and a large customer base, including many Fortune 500 companies.

• Their software helps businesses streamline processes...read more

SAP is a multinational software corporation that provides enterprise software solutions.

• SAP develops and sells software for managing business operations and customer relations.

• Their software helps organizations streamline processes, improve efficiency, and make data-driven decisions.

• SAP offers a wide range of products, including ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning), CRM (Customer Relationship Management), and SCM (Supply...read more

I have worked on various projects including a web application for inventory management and a mobile app for task tracking.

• Developed a web application using React for inventory management

• Created a mobile app using Flutter for task tracking

• Implemented RESTful APIs for communication between frontend and backend

• Utilized databases like MySQL and MongoDB for data storage