Top 150 Linux Interview Questions and Answers

Echo command is used to print the input or output text on the terminal.

• Echo command is a built-in command in Linux/Unix systems.

• It is used to display a line of text/string that is passed as an argument.

• It can also be used to redirect the output of a command to a file.

• Example: echo 'Hello World!' will print 'Hello World!' on the terminal.

To check space in a folder of Linux cmd, use the 'du' command.

• Open the terminal and navigate to the folder you want to check.

• Type 'du -sh' followed by the folder name.

• The output will show the total size of the folder in a human-readable format.

A process in Linux is a running instance of a program or command.

• A process is identified by a unique process ID (PID)

• Processes can be started, stopped, and managed using commands like ps, kill, and top

• Processes can run in the foreground or background

• Processes can communicate with each other through inter-process communication (IPC)

• Examples of processes include web servers, database servers, and user applications

Linux and Windows are two different operating systems with distinct features and functionalities.

• Linux is an open-source operating system, while Windows is a proprietary operating system.

• Linux is known for its stability, security, and flexibility, while Windows is known for its user-friendliness and compatibility with a wide range of software.

• Linux uses a command-line interface (CLI) as its primary interface, while Windows primarily uses a graphical user interface (GUI).

• Linux...read more

To replace Unix with Linux, plan the migration process, assess compatibility, backup data, install Linux, test functionality, and train users.

• Plan the migration process carefully

• Assess compatibility of applications and data

• Backup all important data before starting the migration

• Install Linux on the systems

• Test the functionality of all applications on Linux

• Train users on the new Linux environment

Bonding in Linux is a technique to combine multiple network interfaces into a single virtual interface for increased bandwidth and fault tolerance.

• Install the bonding driver module

• Configure the bonding interface in the network configuration file

• Specify the bonding mode and options

• Assign the physical interfaces to the bonding interface

• Restart the network service to apply the changes

Use the 'kill' command followed by the process ID to terminate a process in Linux.

• Use 'ps' command to find the process ID of the process you want to kill

• Use 'kill' command followed by the process ID to terminate the process

• You can also use 'kill -9' followed by the process ID for a forceful termination

System logs in Linux can be checked using various commands and tools.

• Use the 'cat' command to view log files directly

• Use the 'tail' command to view the last few lines of a log file

• Use the 'grep' command to search for specific keywords in log files

• Check the '/var/log' directory for system logs

• Use the 'journalctl' command to view systemd journal logs

To find DNS of a website using Linux command

• Use 'nslookup' command followed by the website URL

• Alternatively, use 'dig' command followed by the website URL

• Both commands will display the DNS information of the website

chmod changes file permissions while chown changes file ownership in Linux.

• chmod is used to change the read, write, and execute permissions of a file or directory.

• chown is used to change the owner and group of a file or directory.

• chmod uses a numeric or symbolic mode to set permissions.

• chown uses a username or user ID to change ownership.

• Example: chmod 755 file.txt - sets read, write, and execute permissions for owner, and read and execute permissions for group and others.

• Exa...read more

Some common Linux commands include ls, cd, mkdir, rm, and grep.

• ls - list directory contents

• cd - change directory

• mkdir - make a new directory

• rm - remove files or directories

• grep - search for patterns in files

Grep is a command-line utility for searching plain-text data sets for lines that match a regular expression.

• Use grep followed by the pattern you want to search for and the file(s) you want to search within

• Use the -i flag for case-insensitive search

• Use the -r flag for recursive search in directories

• Use the -v flag to invert the match and show lines that do not match the pattern

• Use the -o flag to only show the matched part of the line

Permissions in Linux determine the access level of users and processes to files and directories.

• There are three types of permissions: read, write, and execute.

• Permissions are set for three types of users: owner, group, and others.

• Permissions can be viewed and modified using the chmod command.

• Examples of permission settings: 755 (rwxr-xr-x) for directories, 644 (rw-r--r--) for files.

Load average is the average number of processes waiting to run on a CPU over a period of time.

• Load average is a measure of system utilization.

• It is calculated as the average number of processes that are either in a runnable or uninterruptable state.

• Load average is displayed as three numbers representing the average load over the last 1, 5, and 15 minutes.

• A load average of 1.0 means that the CPU is fully utilized.

• A load average of 2.0 means that there are twice as many process...read more

yum is a package manager for Linux that automates software installation, updates, and removal.

• yum stands for Yellowdog Updater Modified

• It is used to manage packages and dependencies in Red Hat-based Linux distributions

• It can be used to install, update, and remove software packages

• It automatically resolves dependencies and downloads necessary packages

• Examples of yum commands include 'yum install', 'yum update', and 'yum remove'

Patching of linux systems involves regularly updating software to fix vulnerabilities and improve security.

• Regularly check for updates using package managers like apt or yum

• Schedule downtime for patching to minimize impact on operations

• Test patches in a non-production environment before applying to critical systems

• Automate patching process using tools like Ansible or Puppet

• Monitor system health post-patching to ensure no issues arise

Grep command is used to search for a specific pattern in a file or multiple files in Linux.

• Syntax: grep [options] pattern [file]

• Options: -i (ignore case), -v (invert match), -c (count matches), -n (show line numbers)

• Example: grep 'error' file.txt

• Example: grep -i 'error' *.log

• Example: grep -c 'error' file.txt

Linux basic commands are essential for any software engineer. They include commands for file management, system monitoring, and networking.

• File management commands: ls, cd, mkdir, rm, cp, mv

• System monitoring commands: top, ps, df, free, uptime

• Networking commands: ping, traceroute, netstat, ifconfig

• Other useful commands: grep, tar, ssh, chmod, chown

• It's important to understand the syntax and options for each command.

• Examples: ls -l (list files in long format), ps aux (list all...read more

Command to find disk utilization in Linux?

• Use 'df' command to display disk space utilization

• Use '-h' option to display sizes in human-readable format

• Use '-T' option to display file system type

• Use '-x' option to exclude certain file system types

• Example: 'df -hT -x tmpfs -x devtmpfs'

Use the 'ps' command with the '-u' flag to check processes of a particular user in a Linux server.

• Use 'ps -u username' to display processes of a specific user.

• Add 'aux' to get more detailed information about the processes.

• Use 'grep' to filter the output for a specific user if needed.

Yes, I have experience with both Cloud services and Linux/Windows operating systems.

• Experience with AWS, Azure, or Google Cloud Platform

• Proficient in Linux distributions such as Ubuntu, CentOS, or Red Hat

• Familiar with Windows Server operating systems

• Knowledge of virtualization technologies like VMware or Hyper-V

w command in Linux displays information about currently logged in users and their processes.

• Displays the list of users currently logged in

• Displays the time each user has been logged in

• Displays the processes each user is running

• Displays the load average of the system

• Can be used with options like -u to display information about a specific user

• Can be used with options like -f to display full format output

10 essential Linux commands for Trainee Techops

• ls - list directory contents

• cd - change directory

• mkdir - make directory

• rm - remove files or directories

• cp - copy files or directories

• mv - move or rename files or directories

• grep - search for a pattern in a file

• chmod - change file permissions

• ps - display information about running processes

• top - display system resource usage

To check running processes in Linux, use the 'ps' command.

• Open the terminal and type 'ps' followed by any options or arguments.

• Use 'ps aux' to display all running processes with detailed information.

• Use 'ps -ef' to display all running processes with full information.

• Use 'top' command to display real-time information about running processes.

• Use 'htop' command to display running processes in a more user-friendly way.

• Use 'pgrep' command to find the process ID of a running proces...read more

Windows is preferred for its user-friendly interface and compatibility with popular software.

• Windows has a more intuitive and user-friendly interface compared to Linux.

• Many popular software and games are designed to run on Windows.

• Windows has better support for hardware drivers.

• Windows is more widely used in corporate environments.

• Windows offers better compatibility with Microsoft Office suite.

• Linux is preferred for its open-source nature and customization options.

To rename a file in Linux, you can use the 'mv' command.

• Use the 'mv' command followed by the current file name and the new file name

• Make sure to specify the full path if the file is not in the current directory

• You can also use relative paths for the file names

Linux is an open-source operating system based on Unix. Unix is a family of multitasking, multiuser computer operating systems.

• Linux is open-source and free to use, while Unix is proprietary and usually requires a license.

• Linux has a larger community and more distributions (e.g. Ubuntu, CentOS), while Unix has fewer variations (e.g. Solaris, AIX).

• Linux is more customizable and can run on a wider range of hardware, while Unix is more stable and secure.

• Linux uses the GNU Genera...read more

Linux booting process involves several stages including BIOS, bootloader, kernel initialization, and user space initialization.

• The process starts with the BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) which initializes hardware components.

• The bootloader (GRUB or LILO) is then loaded which loads the kernel into memory.

• The kernel initializes drivers, mounts the root file system, and starts the init process.

• The init process then starts user space processes and services.

• The boot process can b...read more

Command to check IP in Linux

• Use 'ifconfig' command to check IP address of all network interfaces

• Use 'ip addr show' command to check IP address of a specific network interface

• Use 'hostname -I' command to check IP address of the host machine

Process management in Linux involves managing running processes, scheduling tasks, and allocating system resources.

• Processes are managed through the use of process IDs (PIDs) which are unique identifiers for each running process.

• The Linux kernel uses a scheduler to determine which processes get access to the CPU and for how long.

• System resources such as memory, CPU time, and I/O are allocated to processes based on their priority and resource requirements.

• Commands like ps, top...read more

File system in Linux organizes and manages data on storage devices.

• File system controls how data is stored, accessed, and managed on storage devices.

• Linux uses a hierarchical file system structure with directories and files.

• Common file systems in Linux include ext4, XFS, and Btrfs.

• File permissions in Linux determine who can read, write, or execute files.

• Mounting and unmounting drives allows access to different file systems on Linux.

The command used to grab text or work in Linux is 'grep'.

• Grep stands for 'global regular expression print'.

• It is used to search for a specific pattern or text in a file or output.

• It can be used with various options to refine the search.

• Example: 'grep hello file.txt' will search for the word 'hello' in the file 'file.txt'.

Linux permissions include read, write, execute, setuid, and setgid.

• Read permission allows a user to view the contents of a file or directory.

• Write permission allows a user to modify the contents of a file or directory.

• Execute permission allows a user to run a file or access the contents of a directory.

• Setuid permission allows a user to execute a file with the permissions of the file's owner.

• Setgid permission allows a user to execute a file with the permissions of the file's g...read more

Grep command is used in Unix/Linux to search for specific patterns in files or output.

• Used to search for specific patterns in files or output

• Can be used with regular expressions to refine search results

• Commonly used with options like -i (case-insensitive) and -r (recursive)

• Example: grep 'keyword' filename.txt

Basic commands of Linux include ls, cd, pwd, mkdir, rm, cp, mv, grep, and chmod.

• ls - list directory contents

• cd - change directory

• pwd - print working directory

• mkdir - make directory

• rm - remove files or directories

• cp - copy files or directories

• mv - move files or directories

• grep - search for patterns in files

• chmod - change file permissions

Current version of Linux is 5.14.6. Running processes in Linux can be viewed using commands like ps, top, and htop.

• Current version of Linux is 5.14.6

• Running processes in Linux can be viewed using commands like ps, top, and htop

Linux commands are used to interact with the operating system through the command line interface.

• Commands are case-sensitive

• Most commands have options and arguments that can be used to customize their behavior

• Common commands include ls (list files), cd (change directory), mkdir (make directory), rm (remove files), and more

The command 'chmod' is used to change permissions of a file in Linux.

• Use 'chmod' command followed by the permission code and the file name to change permissions of a file.

• For example, 'chmod 755 file.txt' will give read, write, and execute permissions to the owner, and read and execute permissions to group and others.

Yes, I am familiar with the installation process of both Windows and Linux operating systems.

• For Windows, I am familiar with the installation process using a bootable USB or DVD, and can navigate through the installation wizard to configure settings such as language, time zone, and user accounts.

• For Linux, I have experience with various distributions such as Ubuntu, CentOS, and Debian, and can install them using a bootable USB or DVD, or through virtualization software such a...read more

Use the find command with the -mtime option to find files that are 30 days old in Linux.

• Use the find command with the -mtime option to specify the number of days.

• For example, to find files that are exactly 30 days old: find /path/to/directory -mtime 30

• To find files that are older than 30 days: find /path/to/directory -mtime +30

• To find files that are newer than 30 days: find /path/to/directory -mtime -30

Unix and Linux are operating systems that are widely used in the tech industry.

• Unix is a family of multitasking, multiuser computer operating systems that derive from the original AT&T Unix.

• Linux is a Unix-like operating system that is open-source and freely available for distribution and modification.

• Both Unix and Linux are known for their stability, security, and flexibility.

• Unix and Linux are commonly used in servers, supercomputers, and embedded systems.

• Examples of Unix-b...read more

Linux Boot Process is the sequence of events that occur from power on to the login prompt.

• BIOS/UEFI firmware initializes hardware

• Bootloader loads kernel into memory

• Kernel initializes system processes and mounts filesystems

• Init process starts system services and user login

• Graphical user interface (GUI) or command line interface (CLI) is presented to user

traceroute is a command-line tool used to trace the route that packets take from your computer to a destination server.

• traceroute command is used to track the path that packets take to reach a destination server

• It shows the IP addresses of the routers that the packets pass through

• It also displays the round-trip time for each hop

• Example: traceroute google.com

To kill a process in Linux, you can use the 'kill' command followed by the process ID (PID) or the 'pkill' command followed by the process name.

• Use the 'kill' command followed by the PID to terminate a specific process

• Use the 'pkill' command followed by the process name to kill all processes with that name

• You can send different signals to the process using the '-s' option with the 'kill' command

• To forcefully kill a process, use the '-9' option with the 'kill' command

Executable files are present in bindir and configuration files are present in sysconfigdir in Linux.

• bindir typically contains executable files such as binaries and scripts

• sysconfigdir typically contains configuration files for system-wide settings

• Examples: /usr/bin/ contains executable files, /etc/sysconfig/ contains configuration files

A normal Linux command is a command used in the Linux operating system to perform various tasks.

• Commands are entered in the terminal or command line interface

• Some common commands include ls, cd, mkdir, rm, and grep

• Commands can be combined using pipes and redirects

• Commands can be customized using options and arguments

mv command is used in Unix and Linux operating systems to move files or directories from one location to another.

• Used to rename files or directories by moving them to a new location

• Syntax: mv [options] source destination

• Example: mv file1.txt /path/to/new/location/

I use commands like ls, cd, grep, and chmod in my daily routines on Linux.

• ls - list directory contents

• cd - change directory

• grep - search for specific patterns in files

• chmod - change file permissions

Linux and Windows are two popular operating systems used in computers.

• Linux is open-source and free while Windows is proprietary and paid.

• Linux is known for its stability, security, and flexibility while Windows is known for its user-friendliness and compatibility with most software.

• Linux uses a command-line interface (CLI) while Windows uses a graphical user interface (GUI).

• Linux is commonly used in servers and supercomputers while Windows is commonly used in personal comput...read more

To check open files in Linux without using lsof, you can use the /proc filesystem.

• Access the /proc//fd directory to view open files for a specific process.

• Use the find command to search for open files in the /proc directory.

• Check the /proc/sys/fs/file-nr file to see the total number of open files system-wide.

Linux is a free and open-source operating system, while Unix is a proprietary operating system.

• Linux is based on Unix but is not Unix.

• Linux is more customizable and has a larger community.

• Unix is more stable and secure, but also more expensive.

• Examples of Unix systems include Solaris and AIX.

• Examples of Linux distributions include Ubuntu and CentOS.

The boot process of Linux involves several stages including BIOS, bootloader, kernel initialization, and user space initialization.

• BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) performs hardware initialization and loads the bootloader

• Bootloader (such as GRUB) loads the Linux kernel into memory

• Kernel initializes devices, mounts the root filesystem, and starts the init process

• Init process (systemd or SysVinit) starts user space processes and services

Syslog files are stored in /var/log directory. Different types of filesystems in Linux include ext4, xfs, btrfs, and more.

• /var/log directory is the default location for storing syslog files

• Different types of filesystems in Linux include ext4, xfs, btrfs, etc.

• ext4 is the default filesystem for most Linux distributions

• xfs is commonly used for large-scale storage systems

• btrfs is known for its advanced features like snapshots and checksums

awk and sed are powerful text processing tools in Linux.

• awk is used for pattern scanning and processing

• sed is used for text stream editing

• Both can be used in combination to manipulate text files

• Example: awk '{print $1}' file.txt

• Example: sed 's/old/new/g' file.txt

Linux commands are instructions given to the operating system to perform specific tasks or operations.

• Linux commands are case-sensitive

• Commands are typically entered in the terminal

• Common commands include ls (list files), cd (change directory), mkdir (make directory)

• Commands can be combined with options and arguments for more specific actions

Basic Linux commands include ls, cd, mkdir, rm, cp, mv, pwd, cat, grep, and chmod.

• ls - list directory contents

• cd - change directory

• mkdir - make a new directory

• rm - remove files or directories

• cp - copy files or directories

• mv - move files or directories

• pwd - print working directory

• cat - concatenate and display file content

• grep - search for specific text in files

• chmod - change file permissions

Linux and Windows can be installed separately on a computer using different methods.

• To install Linux, create a bootable USB or DVD and follow the installation wizard.

• To install Windows, insert the installation media and boot from it, then follow the prompts.

• Dual-booting both operating systems requires partitioning the hard drive and installing each OS on a separate partition.

• Virtualization software like VirtualBox can also be used to run Linux and Windows simultaneously on th...read more

Unix is an operating system developed in the 1970s, while Linux is a Unix-like operating system developed in the 1990s.

• Unix is proprietary and closed source, while Linux is open source.

• Unix is typically used in enterprise environments, while Linux is popular for personal and server use.

• Unix has a limited number of distributions, while Linux has many distributions such as Ubuntu, Fedora, and Debian.

• Unix has a higher cost of ownership due to licensing fees, while Linux is free ...read more

Linux is an open-source operating system kernel that manages hardware resources and provides services for user programs.

• Linux is a Unix-like operating system kernel developed by Linus Torvalds in 1991.

• It boots by loading the bootloader (such as GRUB) which then loads the kernel into memory.

• The kernel initializes the system, mounts the root filesystem, and starts the init process.

• The init process then starts other system services and user programs.

• Linux can boot from different...read more

Linux file system commands and basics

• File system hierarchy standard (FHS)

• Basic file system commands like ls, cd, pwd, mkdir, rmdir

• File permissions and ownership (chmod, chown)

• Disk space management (df, du)

• File manipulation commands like cp, mv, rm

• Understanding inodes and file system types (ext4, xfs)

• Mounting and unmounting file systems (mount, umount)

5 commonly used Linux commands

• ls - list directory contents

• cd - change directory

• pwd - print working directory

• mkdir - make directory

• rm - remove files or directories

cp command is used in Unix and Linux operating systems to copy files and directories.

• Used to copy files and directories from one location to another

• Syntax: cp [options] source destination

• Options include -r for recursive copying, -i for interactive mode, -v for verbose output

• Example: cp file1.txt /path/to/directory/

ls command is used to list files and directories in a directory.

• ls command stands for 'list'.

• It displays the names of files and directories in the current directory by default.

• Options can be used with ls command to customize the output, such as -l for long listing format or -a to show hidden files.

• Example: 'ls -l' will display files and directories in long listing format.

Linux is preferred over Windows for servers due to its stability, security, flexibility, and cost-effectiveness.

• Linux is open-source, allowing for customization and flexibility in server configurations.

• Linux is known for its stability and reliability, making it a popular choice for servers that require constant uptime.

• Linux has a strong focus on security, with regular updates and a large community of developers actively working to address vulnerabilities.

• Linux is cost-effecti...read more

Linux is a free and open-source operating system based on Unix, with some key differences in licensing and development.

• Linux is open-source and freely available, while Unix is a proprietary operating system.

• Linux is developed by a community of developers worldwide, while Unix is developed by various companies.

• Linux has a wider range of distributions (e.g. Ubuntu, Fedora), while Unix has fewer variations (e.g. Solaris, AIX).

• Linux uses GNU utilities, while Unix uses its own pro...read more

The Linux boot process involves several stages, including BIOS, bootloader, kernel initialization, and user space initialization.

• BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) performs hardware initialization and loads bootloader

• Bootloader (GRUB, LILO) loads the Linux kernel into memory

• Kernel initializes devices, mounts the root filesystem, and starts the init process

• Init process (systemd, SysVinit) starts user space processes and services

The path for sysconfig directory in Linux is /etc/sysconfig.

• The sysconfig directory in Linux is typically located at /etc/sysconfig.

• This directory contains configuration files for various system services and applications.

• Users can modify these configuration files to customize the behavior of their system.

Expect command in Linux is used for automating interactive applications.

• Expect command is used to automate interactive applications in Linux.

• It can be used to automate tasks that require user input.

• Expect scripts can be written to handle various scenarios and responses.

• Example: Automating SSH login using Expect script.

List of 20 commonly used Linux commands for system integration engineers.

• ls - list directory contents

• cd - change directory

• pwd - print working directory

• cp - copy files and directories

• mv - move/rename files and directories

• rm - remove files and directories

• mkdir - create directories

• rmdir - remove directories

• cat - concatenate and display files

• grep - search text patterns

• chmod - change file permissions

• chown - change file ownership

• ps - display process status

• top - display and update s...read more

Linux is faster than Windows due to its lightweight design, efficient kernel, and open-source nature.

• Linux has a more lightweight design compared to Windows, resulting in faster performance on older hardware.

• The Linux kernel is more efficient at handling system resources, leading to quicker response times and lower latency.

• Linux is open-source, allowing for constant optimization and customization by the community, which can improve performance over time.

The path for the bin directory in Linux is typically /bin.

• The bin directory in Linux contains essential binary executables.

• The path for the bin directory is usually /bin.

• Some common commands found in the bin directory include ls, cp, and mv.

5 commonly used Linux commands are ls, cd, mkdir, rm, and grep.

• ls - list directory contents

• cd - change the current working directory

• mkdir - create a new directory

• rm - remove files or directories

• grep - search for a specific pattern in a file

I know several common Linux commands used for system administration and troubleshooting.

• ls - list directory contents

• cd - change directory

• pwd - print working directory

• cp - copy files and directories

• mv - move/rename files and directories

• rm - remove/delete files and directories

• grep - search for patterns in files

• chmod - change file permissions

• sudo - execute a command as a superuser

• top - display and update sorted information about processes

• df - report file system disk space usage

Linux is an open-source operating system, while Windows is a proprietary operating system developed by Microsoft.

• Linux is open-source and free to use, while Windows is proprietary and requires a license.

• Linux is highly customizable and can be modified by users, while Windows has limited customization options.

• Linux is known for its stability and security, while Windows is more vulnerable to viruses and malware.

• Linux uses a command-line interface (CLI) as its primary interface,...read more

Ten essential commands in Linux for Application Support Engineers

• ls - list directory contents

• cd - change directory

• pwd - print working directory

• cp - copy files and directories

• mv - move/rename files and directories

• rm - remove files and directories

• grep - search text patterns

• chmod - change file permissions

• ps - display information about running processes

• top - display and update sorted information about processes

Command to check free space in linux

• Use the 'df' command to check free space in Linux

• The '-h' option can be used to display the output in a human-readable format

• The '-T' option can be used to display the file system type

• The '-x' option can be used to exclude specific file system types

• The '-i' option can be used to display the inode information

The port numbers for Windows and Linux VMs depend on the specific application or service being used.

• Port numbers can vary depending on the specific application or service being used on the VMs.

• Common port numbers for Windows VMs include 3389 for Remote Desktop Protocol and 445 for SMB file sharing.

• Common port numbers for Linux VMs include 22 for SSH and 80 for HTTP.

• It is important to ensure that the necessary ports are open and properly configured for the VMs to function corr...read more

The command used to make a directory in Linux is 'mkdir'.

• The 'mkdir' command is used to create a new directory in Linux.

• It can be used with various options to set permissions, create multiple directories, etc.

• For example, 'mkdir directory_name' creates a new directory with the specified name.

• To create multiple directories at once, use 'mkdir dir1 dir2 dir3'.

• To create directories with specific permissions, use 'mkdir -m directory_name'.

Linux is preferred for server-side development due to its stability and security, while Windows is more commonly used for desktop applications.

• Linux is open-source and free, making it cost-effective for development.

• Windows has a larger user base and more compatibility with software and hardware.

• Linux is known for its stability and security, making it a popular choice for server-side development.

• Windows is more commonly used for desktop applications and gaming due to its user-...read more

Commonly used Linux commands for daily tasks

• ls - list directory contents

• cd - change directory

• pwd - print working directory

• cp - copy files and directories

• mv - move/rename files and directories

• rm - remove files and directories

• mkdir - create directories

• rmdir - remove directories

• grep - search text patterns

• chmod - change file permissions

Mkdir command is used to create a new directory in a file system.

• Used to create a new directory in a specified location

• Syntax: mkdir [directory_name]

• Can create multiple directories at once using mkdir -p

• Example: mkdir new_directory