200+ IQVIA Interview Questions and Answers

GCP principles are guidelines for conducting clinical trials. There are 13 principles that ensure ethical and scientific quality.

• Informed consent of participants

• Protection of participant's privacy and confidentiality

• Adherence to the protocol

• Documentation of all data

• Monitoring of the trial

• Reporting of adverse events

• Qualification of investigators

• Maintenance of trial records

• Drug accountability

• Quality assurance and quality control

• Investigator's brochure

• Clinical study report

• Trial ...read more

Pharmacovigilance is the science and activities relating to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems.

• Pharmacovigilance involves monitoring the safety of medications post-market approval.

• It includes collecting and analyzing data on adverse drug reactions.

• Pharmacovigilance aims to improve patient safety and minimize risks associated with pharmaceutical products.

• Examples of pharmacovigilance activities include...read more

Escalation pathway in clinical Dept involves notifying immediate supervisor, escalating to department head, and involving hospital administration if necessary.

• Notify immediate supervisor of issue

• If not resolved, escalate to department head

• Involve hospital administration if necessary

• Document each step of escalation process

The therapeutic areas of expertise include cardiology, oncology, neurology, infectious diseases, and psychiatry.

• Cardiology

• Oncology

• Neurology

• Infectious Diseases

• Psychiatry

To find the 2nd maximum salary from the employee table

• Order the salaries in descending order

• Use LIMIT 1,1 to get the second highest salary

PROC SORT in SAS organizes data in a specified order based on one or more variables.

• Use PROC SORT to arrange data in ascending or descending order.

• Syntax: PROC SORT DATA=dataset_name OUT=sorted_dataset_name;

• Example: PROC SORT DATA=employees OUT=sorted_employees; BY salary; RUN;

• You can sort by multiple variables: BY department salary; to sort by department first, then by salary within each department.

• Use the NODUPKEY option to remove duplicate observations based on the BY vari...read more

Epic, Features and User Stories are hierarchical levels in Agile methodology used to break down large projects into smaller manageable pieces.

• Epics are large, high-level user stories that are broken down into smaller stories or features

• Features are a collection of user stories that deliver a specific functionality

• User stories are small, specific, and independent pieces of functionality that deliver value to the end-user

• The hierarchy is Epic > Feature > User Story

• Each level is...read more

Java can be used in DataWeave by calling Java methods and classes from within DataWeave code.

• Use the Java module to import Java classes and methods

• Use the invoke method to call Java methods

• Use the new keyword to create new Java objects

• Example: Java::java.lang.String::valueOf(payload.age)

ICH GCP guidelines were updated in 2016 with an addendum in 2018.

• The updated guidelines emphasize risk-based approaches to clinical trial design and conduct.

• The addendum includes new sections on electronic records and essential documents, as well as clarification on sponsor responsibilities.

• The guidelines also address the use of electronic informed consent and the role of ethics committees.

• The updates aim to improve the quality and efficiency of clinical trials while ensuring...read more

Clinical trials have four phases: I, II, III, and IV.

• Phase I: Small group of healthy volunteers, assess safety and dosage

• Phase II: Larger group of patients, assess effectiveness and side effects

• Phase III: Even larger group, compare to existing treatments, monitor side effects

• Phase IV: Post-marketing surveillance, monitor long-term effects and safety

• Each phase must be completed successfully before moving to the next

• The entire process can take several years and millions of doll...read more

A prime number is a number that is only divisible by 1 and itself.

• Iterate through numbers from 2 to n-1

• Check if n is divisible by any number in the range

• If not, n is a prime number

The architect life cycle involves planning, designing, implementing, and maintaining IT systems.

• Architects plan and design IT systems based on business requirements

• They work with stakeholders to identify needs and constraints

• Architects create technical specifications and oversee implementation

• They also provide ongoing support and maintenance for IT systems

• Projects may include cloud migration, software development, and infrastructure upgrades

Drug abuse/misuse refers to the use of a drug in a way that is not prescribed or intended, leading to negative consequences.

• Drug abuse/misuse can include taking a drug in higher doses than prescribed, using a drug for non-medical purposes, or using a drug in a way that is not intended (e.g. crushing pills to snort or inject them).

• Drug abuse/misuse can lead to a range of negative consequences, including addiction, overdose, and other health problems.

• Examples of drug abuse/misu...read more

Master Detail is a strict parent-child relationship where the child record is deleted when the parent record is deleted. Lookup is a looser relationship where the child record can exist without the parent record.

• Master Detail is a required relationship, while Lookup is not required.

• Master Detail relationship helps in maintaining data integrity by enforcing referential integrity, while Lookup does not enforce referential integrity.

• In Master Detail relationship, security and sh...read more

Pharmacovigilance is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems.

• Pharmacovigilance is the process of monitoring and evaluating the safety and efficacy of drugs.

• It involves the collection, analysis, and reporting of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and other drug-related problems.

• Pharmacovigilance helps to ensure that drugs are safe and effective for use by patients.

• Examples o...read more

CDM involves data collection, cleaning, validation, and transformation for clinical trials.

• Collecting and organizing data from various sources

• Cleaning and validating data to ensure accuracy and completeness

• Transforming data into a standardized format for analysis

• Creating and maintaining data dictionaries and data management plans

• Performing quality control checks on data

• Generating reports and data listings for clinical trial teams

Yes, I have experience working independently and thrive in dynamic environments.

• I have successfully completed multiple projects on my own, demonstrating my ability to work independently.

• I am comfortable making decisions and solving problems without constant supervision.

• I have experience working in fast-paced environments where I had to adapt quickly to changing priorities and deadlines.

Co-morbid condition refers to the presence of two or more medical conditions in a patient at the same time.

• Co-morbid conditions can complicate the treatment of a patient's primary condition.

• Examples of co-morbid conditions include diabetes and hypertension, depression and anxiety, and obesity and sleep apnea.

• Co-morbid conditions are common in older adults and can increase healthcare costs.

• Effective management of co-morbid conditions requires a coordinated approach among healt...read more

Hygienic elements refer to practices and products that promote cleanliness and prevent the spread of disease.

• Hand washing

• Sanitizing surfaces

• Proper food handling

• Wearing protective gear

• Disinfecting medical equipment

Managed various clinical data management activities including data cleaning, database lock, and query resolution.

• Performed data cleaning to ensure accuracy and consistency of clinical trial data

• Managed database lock activities to prevent further data entry or changes

• Resolved queries from clinical sites and investigators to ensure data integrity

• Worked closely with cross-functional teams to ensure timely and accurate data management

• Utilized data management tools such as Medidat...read more

Yes, static interfaces can be used in public classes in .NET.

• Static interfaces are used to define a set of static members that can be implemented by a class.

• They are useful when you want to group related static members together.

• Static interfaces cannot be instantiated or inherited, but they can be implemented by a class.

• The static members defined in the interface must be implemented as static members in the implementing class.

• Here's an example: public class MyClass : IMyInter...read more

MedDRA is a standardized medical terminology used for the classification of adverse event terms in clinical trials and post-marketing surveillance.

• MedDRA stands for Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities.

• It is used by regulatory authorities and pharmaceutical companies to facilitate the exchange of regulatory information.

• MedDRA is organized into a hierarchy of terms, with each term assigned a unique code.

• It allows for the standardized coding of adverse events reported d...read more

KOL stands for Key Opinion Leader, a recognized expert in a particular field who influences others' opinions and practices.

• KOLs are often healthcare professionals or researchers who are respected for their knowledge and expertise.

• They are sought after by pharmaceutical companies for their insights and opinions on new drugs or treatments.

• KOLs may be involved in clinical trials, speaking engagements, or advisory boards.

• Their influence can help shape medical guidelines and pract...read more

The standard for authentications is a set of guidelines and protocols used to verify the identity of users accessing a system.

• Authentication standards ensure secure access to systems and protect against unauthorized access.

• Common authentication standards include OAuth, OpenID Connect, and SAML.

• Authentication factors can include passwords, biometrics, and two-factor authentication.

• Authentication protocols like HTTPS and SSL/TLS provide secure communication channels.

• Multi-facto...read more

Chromatographic techniques are used to separate and analyze mixtures of chemicals based on their physical and chemical properties.

• Chromatography involves a stationary phase and a mobile phase.

• The stationary phase can be a solid or a liquid, while the mobile phase is typically a gas or liquid.

• Different types of chromatography include gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, and ion exchange chromatography.

• Chromatography is commonly used in chemistry, biochemistry, and pharma...read more

Vendor data reconciliation involves comparing and matching data from different sources to ensure accuracy and consistency.

• Gather data from vendors and internal systems

• Compare data fields such as patient demographics, procedures, and charges

• Identify discrepancies and investigate root causes

• Resolve discrepancies through communication with vendors and data validation

• Document reconciliation process and outcomes

Innovator drugs are brand-name drugs developed by pharmaceutical companies, while generic drugs are copies of innovator drugs made after the patent expires.

• Innovator drugs are developed by pharmaceutical companies and have a brand name.

• Generic drugs are copies of innovator drugs and are usually cheaper.

• Generic drugs can only be made after the patent for the innovator drug expires.

• Both innovator and generic drugs must meet the same FDA standards for safety and effectiveness.

• Ex...read more

Lease accounting under IND AS and Local GAAP differ in treatment of operating leases and finance leases.

• Under IND AS, all leases are recognized on the balance sheet as assets and liabilities, while under Local GAAP only finance leases are recognized.

• IND AS requires lessees to recognize a right-of-use asset and lease liability for all leases, while Local GAAP only recognizes the lease payments as expenses.

• IND AS requires lessees to separate lease and non-lease components in a ...read more

The structure of a website refers to the organization and layout of its content, pages, and navigation.

• A website typically consists of multiple pages interconnected through hyperlinks.

• The structure is often represented using HTML tags like

  ,

• Navigation menus or sidebars help users navigate between different sections or pages.

• Content is organized hierarchically, with headings, subheadings, and paragraphs.

• Elements like images, videos, forms, and interactive components...read more

Drug development process is a complex and lengthy process of discovering, testing, and bringing a new drug to the market.

• Discovery and research of potential drug candidates

• Preclinical testing on animals to determine safety and efficacy

• Clinical trials on humans to determine safety, efficacy, and dosage

• FDA review and approval

• Post-marketing surveillance and monitoring

• Continued research and development for new indications or formulations

• Examples: Pfizer's development of the COVID...read more

Clinical systems are software applications used in healthcare settings to manage patient data, treatment plans, and other clinical information.

• Clinical systems help healthcare providers streamline processes and improve patient care.

• They can include electronic health records (EHR), clinical decision support systems, and telemedicine platforms.

• These systems often integrate with other healthcare technologies to provide a comprehensive view of a patient's health history.

• Clinical ...read more

PV stands for Pharmacovigilance, which is the science and activities relating to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. Causality refers to the relationship between a cause and its effect.

• PV involves monitoring and evaluating the safety of medications post-market approval.

• Causality is the assessment of the likelihood that a particular drug caused a specific adverse event.

• PV aims to improve patient care a...read more

Documents involved in trial setups include protocol, informed consent forms, case report forms, and investigator's brochure.

• Protocol outlines the objectives, design, methodology, statistical considerations, and organization of a clinical trial.

• Informed consent forms provide information about the study to participants and ensure their voluntary participation.

• Case report forms are used to collect data on each participant in the trial.

• Investigator's brochure contains information...read more

I have worked on multiple systems including EMR, EHR, CRM, and clinical trial management systems.

• EMR (Electronic Medical Records)

• EHR (Electronic Health Records)

• CRM (Customer Relationship Management)

• Clinical trial management systems

Spacy is an open-source library for natural language processing. Models can be saved using the 'to_disk' method.

• Spacy is a popular Python library for NLP tasks

• It provides pre-trained models for various languages

• To save a model, use the 'to_disk' method of the model object

• Saved models can be loaded later using the 'load' method

Medical writing guidelines ensure accuracy, clarity, and consistency in medical documents.

• Follow the guidelines set by regulatory bodies such as FDA and EMA

• Use clear and concise language, avoiding jargon and technical terms

• Ensure accuracy of data and references

• Maintain consistency in formatting and style

• Include appropriate disclosures and disclaimers

• Examples: clinical study reports, regulatory submissions, patient information leaflets

Overloading is when multiple methods have the same name but different parameters, while overriding is when a subclass provides a specific implementation for a method in the superclass.

• Overloading involves multiple methods with the same name but different parameters

• Overriding involves a subclass providing a specific implementation for a method in the superclass

• Overloading is determined at compile time, while overriding is determined at runtime

Protocol deviations are documented by thoroughly describing the deviation, its impact on the study, the reason for the deviation, and any corrective actions taken.

• Thoroughly describe the protocol deviation, including what happened and when it occurred

• Explain the impact of the deviation on the study, such as potential risks to subject safety or data integrity

• Provide the reason for the deviation, whether it was due to a mistake, unforeseen circumstances, or other factors

• Documen...read more

An adverse event refers to any undesirable or unexpected occurrence during a clinical trial or medical treatment.

• Adverse events can include side effects, complications, or any negative outcome resulting from a medical intervention.

• They are typically recorded and monitored to assess the safety and efficacy of a drug or treatment.

• Examples of adverse events can range from mild reactions like nausea or headache to severe complications like organ failure or death.

• Monitoring advers...read more

Different types of string test types include equality, containment, length, case sensitivity, and pattern matching.

• Equality test: comparing two strings to see if they are exactly the same

• Containment test: checking if a string contains a specific substring

• Length test: determining the length of a string

• Case sensitivity test: checking if two strings are equal while considering case

• Pattern matching test: using regular expressions to match a string pattern

CDM process involves study setup, data collection, data cleaning, database lock, and submission.

• Study setup: Defining data collection tools, database structure, and data validation rules.

• Data collection: Gathering patient data through case report forms, electronic health records, etc.

• Data cleaning: Identifying and resolving discrepancies, errors, and missing data.

• Database lock: Finalizing the database to prevent further changes to the data.

• Submission: Preparing and submitting...read more

An adverse event is an unexpected or harmful reaction to a medication, medical device, or treatment.

• Adverse events can range from mild to severe and can include side effects, allergic reactions, and medication errors.

• They can occur during clinical trials or after a product has been approved and is on the market.

• Examples of adverse events include nausea and vomiting from chemotherapy, a severe allergic reaction to a vaccine, or a medication error resulting in an overdose.

• Adver...read more

Serious adverse event is an unexpected, severe, or life-threatening reaction to a medication or medical device.

• Serious adverse events are events that result in hospitalization, disability, or death.

• They can be caused by medication errors, allergic reactions, or device malfunctions.

• Examples include anaphylaxis, stroke, heart attack, and severe infections.

• Serious adverse events must be reported to regulatory agencies.

• Prevention strategies include proper medication administratio...read more

PM processes include initiation, planning, execution, monitoring & controlling, and closing.

• Initiation involves defining the project, setting goals, and obtaining approval.

• Planning includes creating a project plan, defining scope, and setting timelines.

• Execution involves carrying out the plan and coordinating resources.

• Monitoring & controlling includes tracking progress, managing changes, and ensuring quality.

• Closing involves completing all project activities, obtaining accep...read more

Pharmacovigilance is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems.

• It involves monitoring and evaluating the safety of drugs and medical devices

• It aims to identify and minimize the risks associated with the use of drugs

• It involves collecting and analyzing data from various sources such as clinical trials, spontaneous reports, and literature

• Examples of pharmacovigilance activ...read more

User stories should be concise, clear and focused on user needs.

• Start with a user persona and identify their needs

• Write in simple language and avoid technical jargon

• Use the format 'As a [user], I want [goal], so that [reason]'

• Focus on the user's goals and outcomes, not the technical details

• Prioritize stories based on user value and business impact

ICSR stands for Individual Case Safety Report, which is a document that contains information about adverse events or side effects of a drug.

• ICSR is a report that is submitted to regulatory authorities by pharmaceutical companies.

• It contains information about adverse events or side effects of a drug that have been reported by patients or healthcare professionals.

• ICSRs are an important tool for monitoring the safety of drugs and identifying potential safety concerns.

• They are us...read more

CDM stands for Clinical Data Management. It is the process of collecting, cleaning, and managing clinical trial data.

• CDM involves designing and implementing a data management plan

• It includes data entry, validation, and quality control

• Phases include study start-up, conduct, and close-out

• CDM ensures data accuracy, completeness, and consistency

• Examples of CDM software include Medidata Rave, Oracle Clinical, and OpenClinica

Pharmacovigilance is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems.

• Pharmacovigilance is the process of monitoring and evaluating the safety of drugs.

• It involves collecting and analyzing data on adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and other drug-related problems.

• Pharmacovigilance helps to identify new ADRs and monitor the safety of drugs already on the market.

• It also involves commu...read more

Linear regression assumptions include linearity, independence, homoscedasticity, and normality.

• Linearity: The relationship between the independent and dependent variables is linear.

• Independence: The residuals are independent of each other.

• Homoscedasticity: The variance of the residuals is constant across all levels of the independent variables.

• Normality: The residuals are normally distributed.

• No multicollinearity: The independent variables are not highly correlated with each ...read more

JAVA is a high-level programming language used for developing applications and software.

• Object-oriented programming language

• Platform-independent

• Used for web development, mobile apps, enterprise software

• Has a large standard library

• Supports multithreading and networking

Oracle in software refers to Oracle Corporation, a multinational computer technology corporation known for its database management systems.

• Oracle is a leading provider of relational database management systems (RDBMS).

• It offers a wide range of products and services for data management, cloud applications, and more.

• Oracle databases are widely used in enterprise applications for storing and managing data efficiently.

• Examples of Oracle products include Oracle Database, Oracle Fu...read more

Pharmacovigilance is crucial for ensuring drug safety and identifying adverse effects.

• Pharmacovigilance helps in monitoring the safety of drugs and identifying any adverse effects that may arise.

• It plays a crucial role in ensuring patient safety and preventing harm from medications.

• Pharmacovigilance also helps in identifying new safety concerns and updating drug labels accordingly.

• Examples of drugs that have been subject to pharmacovigilance include thalidomide, which caused ...read more

SQL queries to find highest salary

• Use the MAX() function to find the highest salary

• Combine with the SELECT statement to retrieve the corresponding employee details

• Use the ORDER BY clause to sort the results in descending order

• Use the LIMIT clause to limit the number of results returned

Challenges in automation include tool selection, maintenance, and handling dynamic elements.

• Tool selection - choosing the right automation tool for the project requirements

• Maintenance - keeping automation scripts up to date with application changes

• Handling dynamic elements - dealing with elements on the page that change frequently

• Data management - ensuring data integrity and accuracy in automated tests

Clinical trials are research studies that test the safety and effectiveness of new treatments or interventions on humans.

• Clinical trials are conducted in phases, with each phase having a specific purpose and goal.

• Phase 1 trials involve a small group of healthy volunteers to test the safety and dosage of the treatment.

• Phase 2 trials involve a larger group of patients to test the effectiveness of the treatment.

• Phase 3 trials involve an even larger group of patients to confirm t...read more

Safety flag can be derived by analyzing adverse events data and setting thresholds for specific criteria.

• Analyze adverse events data to identify patterns or trends that may indicate safety concerns

• Set thresholds for specific criteria such as frequency of events, severity, or impact on patients

• Flag any data points that exceed the established thresholds as safety concerns

• Regularly review and update safety flags based on new data or changes in criteria

IND AS requires detailed disclosure of fixed assets in financial statements.

• Fixed assets should be disclosed at cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment losses.

• Details of additions, disposals, revaluations, and impairments should be provided.

• Reconciliation of carrying amount at the beginning and end of the period should be disclosed.

• Disclosures should include useful lives, residual values, and depreciation methods.

• Information on any restrictions or commitments relate...read more

Off-label drug refers to the use of a medication for a purpose other than what it is approved for by regulatory agencies.

• Off-label drug use is legal but not regulated by the FDA

• It is often used to treat conditions not listed on the label

• Doctors may prescribe off-label drugs based on their clinical judgment

• Examples include using antidepressants for pain relief or cancer drugs for autoimmune diseases

ICH GCP guidelines are international ethical and scientific quality standards for designing, conducting, recording, and reporting clinical trials.

• ICH stands for International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use

• GCP stands for Good Clinical Practice

• Guidelines provide a framework for clinical trial conduct and ensure patient safety and data integrity

• Guidelines cover topics such as trial design, informed consent, data management, ...read more

Automation is the use of technology to perform tasks or processes with minimal human intervention.

• Automation involves the use of software or machines to complete repetitive or time-consuming tasks.

• It aims to increase efficiency, accuracy, and productivity by reducing human error and effort.

• Examples of automation include robotic process automation (RPA), automated testing, and industrial automation.

• Automation can be applied in various industries such as manufacturing, finance,...read more

Optimising react applications involves code splitting, lazy loading, using production build, minimizing bundle size, and optimizing images.

• Implement code splitting to load only necessary code for each route or component

• Utilize lazy loading to load components only when needed

• Use production build for better performance

• Minimize bundle size by removing unnecessary dependencies and code

• Optimize images by compressing them and using the appropriate format

Clinical data management involves collecting, cleaning, and analyzing data from clinical trials and studies to ensure accuracy and compliance.

• Involves collecting, cleaning, and analyzing data from clinical trials and studies

• Ensures data accuracy and compliance with regulations

• Helps in maintaining quality and integrity of clinical data

• Uses specialized software and tools for data management

• Plays a crucial role in drug development and healthcare decision-making

Clinical trial phases and guidelines of ICH GCP

• Clinical trial phases: Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3, and Phase 4

• ICH GCP guidelines ensure the ethical conduct of clinical trials

• Phase 1 focuses on safety and dosage determination

• Phase 2 evaluates efficacy and side effects in a larger group

• Phase 3 compares the new treatment to standard treatment

• Phase 4 monitors long-term safety and effectiveness post-approval

Clinical research is a scientific study of the safety and effectiveness of medical treatments, devices, and interventions on human subjects.

• It involves testing new drugs, therapies, and medical devices on human subjects

• Clinical research is conducted to determine the safety and efficacy of medical treatments

• It is regulated by ethical and legal guidelines to protect the rights and welfare of human subjects

• Clinical research is essential for the development of new treatments and ...read more

Pharmacovigilance (PV) is important for monitoring and evaluating the safety of drugs to ensure patient safety.

• PV helps in detecting and assessing adverse drug reactions (ADRs) to prevent harm to patients.

• It plays a crucial role in identifying new safety concerns and risks associated with drugs.

• PV contributes to the overall benefit-risk assessment of drugs by providing data on their safety profile.

• It helps in improving patient care by promoting safe and effective use of medic...read more

An inner join is a type of join that returns only the matching records from both tables involved in the join.

• Inner join combines rows from two tables based on a related column between them.

• It returns only the records that have matching values in both tables.

• The result set of an inner join includes only the columns that are common to both tables.

• Inner join is commonly used to retrieve data that exists in both tables.

• Example: SELECT * FROM table1 INNER JOIN table2 ON table1.col...read more

I have over 10 years of experience working in various clinical settings, including hospitals, outpatient clinics, and private practice.

• Extensive experience providing individual and group therapy sessions

• Strong background in conducting assessments and developing treatment plans

• Skilled in crisis intervention and managing complex cases

• Familiarity with evidence-based practices and staying current with research in the field

SAE reporting involves timely and accurate submission of adverse event data to regulatory authorities.

• SAE reporting timelines vary depending on the severity of the event and the regulatory requirements

• In general, serious adverse events must be reported within 24-72 hours of becoming aware of the event

• SAE reporting process involves collecting and analyzing data, determining causality, and submitting reports to regulatory authorities

• SAE reports must include detailed information...read more

Arrays of string types are collections of strings stored in a single variable.

• Arrays can be declared and initialized with string values like ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry'].

• Access individual strings in the array using index like array[0] for 'apple'.

• Perform operations like sorting or filtering on arrays of strings.

Comparing different strings in an array of texts.

• Iterate through the array and compare each string with the others.

• Use a nested loop to compare each pair of strings.

• Consider using a hash map to store the frequency of each unique string for efficient comparison.

Different design patterns in software engineering

• Creational patterns (e.g. Singleton, Factory)

• Structural patterns (e.g. Adapter, Decorator)

• Behavioral patterns (e.g. Observer, Strategy)

Stored procedures are precompiled and stored in the database, while functions are compiled and stored in memory.

• Stored procedures are precompiled and stored in the database for reuse.

• Functions are compiled and stored in memory for faster execution.

• Stored procedures can return multiple values, while functions return a single value.

• Functions can be called from within a stored procedure, but stored procedures cannot be called from within a function.

Activities of setup and conduct involve planning and executing clinical trials to collect and analyze data.

• Setup activities include protocol development, database setup, and training staff.

• Conduct activities involve patient recruitment, data collection, monitoring, and reporting.

• Ensuring compliance with regulatory requirements and maintaining data quality are key responsibilities.

Query management involves handling and resolving data discrepancies or issues in a database or system.

• Identifying discrepancies or errors in data

• Creating queries to address the issues

• Communicating with relevant stakeholders for resolution

• Tracking and documenting the resolution process

• Ensuring data integrity and accuracy

CSS is a styling language used to design web pages, while Bootstrap is a front-end framework that helps in building responsive and mobile-first websites.

• CSS is a styling language used to control the look and feel of a website.

• Bootstrap is a front-end framework that provides pre-designed templates and components for building responsive websites.

• CSS requires manual coding for styling elements, while Bootstrap offers ready-to-use classes for styling.

• Bootstrap also includes JavaS...read more

Conflict resolution involves identifying the issue, listening to both parties, finding common ground, and creating a solution.

• Identify the issue causing the conflict

• Listen to both parties and understand their perspectives

• Find common ground and areas of agreement

• Create a solution that addresses the issue and satisfies both parties

• Follow up to ensure the solution is effective

The pharmacovigilance regulatory body in India is the Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO).

• CDSCO is responsible for regulating the safety, efficacy, and quality of pharmaceuticals in India.

• It oversees the reporting and monitoring of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in the country.

• CDSCO collaborates with the National Pharmacovigilance Program for monitoring and reporting ADRs.

• It also works closely with the World Health Organization (WHO) for global pharmacovigilanc...read more

Cause effect diagram is a tool used to identify and analyze the potential causes of a problem or effect.

• Also known as fishbone diagram or Ishikawa diagram

• Used in quality control and process improvement

• Identifies root causes of a problem

• Categories include people, process, equipment, materials, environment

• Example: A cause effect diagram can be used to identify the reasons for low sales in a retail store

PV stands for Present Value and is used in finance to calculate the current value of a future sum of money.

• PV is used to determine how much a future sum of money is worth in today's dollars.

• It is commonly used in financial analysis, investment decisions, and loan calculations.

• The formula for PV is: PV = FV / (1 + r)^n, where FV is the future value, r is the discount rate, and n is the number of periods.

• For example, if you have $1000 that will be received in 5 years with a dis...read more

CDM process involves collecting, cleaning, and managing clinical trial data to ensure accuracy and completeness.

• CDM process starts with designing a database to collect data

• Data is then collected from various sources and cleaned to remove errors and inconsistencies

• Data is then transformed and loaded into the database

• Data is validated to ensure accuracy and completeness

• Queries and reports are generated to analyze the data

• CDM process also involves ensuring compliance with regula...read more

Pipes in Angular are used for transforming data in templates.

• Pipes are used to format and manipulate data in Angular templates.

• They can be used to transform strings, numbers, dates, and more.

• Pipes can be chained together to perform multiple transformations.

• Angular provides built-in pipes like 'uppercase', 'date', 'currency', etc.

• Custom pipes can also be created for specific data transformations.

In my previous role, I used ticketing tools such as ServiceNow and JIRA to manage and track customer issues.

• ServiceNow

• JIRA

Study milestones are key events or time points in a clinical trial that mark progress and help ensure the study stays on track.

• Study initiation: Setting up the study protocol, obtaining necessary approvals, and recruiting participants.

• First patient enrolled: Marks the beginning of data collection and analysis.

• Interim analysis: Assessing the data at a pre-specified time point to ensure safety and efficacy.

• Last patient visit: Marks the end of data collection.

• Database lock: Fina...read more

Current CTC refers to the current annual salary package of the candidate.

• Current CTC is the total annual salary package including all components like base salary, bonuses, and benefits.

• Candidates should be honest about their current CTC during interviews.

• Employers ask for current CTC to understand the candidate's salary expectations and to assess their fit for the role.

Factors impacting patient recruitment include study design, patient population, site capabilities, and recruitment strategies.

• Study design: Complexity, eligibility criteria, and duration can affect recruitment.

• Patient population: Demographics, disease prevalence, and willingness to participate play a role.

• Site capabilities: Resources, experience, and access to potential participants are important.

• Recruitment strategies: Outreach methods, communication, and engagement efforts ...read more

Key performance indicators (KPIs) in project management and delivery are crucial for measuring success and progress.

• On-time delivery rate: Percentage of projects completed on schedule.

• Budget variance: Difference between planned budget and actual spending.

• Quality metrics: Measure of project deliverables meeting quality standards.

• Customer satisfaction: Feedback from clients on project outcomes.

• Resource utilization: Efficiency of resources in completing tasks.

• Risk management: Id...read more

Scenario-based triggers are used to automate processes based on specific events or conditions.

• Create a trigger that sends an email notification when a new lead is created

• Create a trigger that updates the status of an opportunity when it reaches a certain stage

• Create a trigger that assigns a task to a specific user when a case is created

• Create a trigger that updates a custom field on a contact when a related account is updated

Clinical trial phases include preclinical research, phase 1, phase 2, phase 3, and phase 4.

• Preclinical research involves testing on cells and animals to assess safety and efficacy.

• Phase 1 involves testing on a small group of healthy volunteers to determine safety and dosage.

• Phase 2 involves testing on a larger group of patients to assess effectiveness and side effects.

• Phase 3 involves testing on an even larger group to confirm effectiveness, monitor side effects, and compare ...read more

The 13 Principles of ICH GCP E6 R2 are guidelines for conducting clinical trials in a way that ensures the safety and well-being of participants.

• Principle 1: Clinical trials should be conducted in accordance with ethical principles.

• Principle 2: The rights, safety, and well-being of trial subjects are the most important considerations.

• Principle 3: The available non-clinical and clinical information should support the proposed trial.

• Principle 4: The trial should be scientifical...read more

Org wide Default is the baseline level of access that all users have to records in Salesforce.

• Org wide Default determines the default level of access to records for all users in an organization

• It can be set to Private, Public Read Only, Public Read/Write, or Controlled by Parent

• Org wide Default settings can be adjusted in the Sharing Settings of Salesforce

• For example, setting Org wide Default to Public Read Only allows all users to view records but not edit them

Management of hypertension involves lifestyle modifications and medication.

• Encourage regular exercise and healthy diet

• Monitor blood pressure regularly

• Prescribe medication based on individual needs

• Educate patients on potential side effects and adherence to treatment

• Collaborate with other healthcare professionals for optimal management

Java program to split a string into an array of strings

• Use the split() method of the String class to split the string based on a delimiter

• Store the result in an array of strings

• Example: String str = 'Hello,World'; String[] parts = str.split(',');

REST API is a type of web service that allows communication between different systems over HTTP.

• REST stands for Representational State Transfer

• Uses standard HTTP methods like GET, POST, PUT, DELETE

• Data is transferred in JSON or XML format

• Stateless communication between client and server

• Example: Twitter API allows developers to access and interact with Twitter data

I prioritize tasks based on deadlines, importance, and impact on overall goals.

• I first identify tasks with approaching deadlines and prioritize them accordingly.

• I then assess the importance of each task in relation to the overall goals of the project or organization.

• I also consider the potential impact of completing each task on the success of the project.

• I may use tools like Eisenhower Matrix or task management software to help prioritize tasks effectively.